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- 1. Multiple Choice
Which of the following explain ONE effect of the Scientific Revolution?
It helped raise the status of women in society.
It caused a shift in the perception of truth.
It made men less likely to go to war over political ideologies.
- 2. Multiple Choice
Which of the following explain ONE effect of the Scientific Revolution?
It redefined what people believed about nature and human knowing.
It convinced most religions to change their beliefs about nature.
It made people more accepting of religious beliefs.
- 3. Multiple Choice
With which statement would an Enlightenment thinker most likely agree?
Rulers are chosen by God.
The universe has the earth at its center.
The Bible holds the truths that enlightened people must believe.
People who are truly free will always act for the common good over the individual need.
- 4. Multiple Choice
Which statement most closely represents Jean Jacques Rousseau’s ideas on the Social Contract?
Man’s law is inferior to divine law
A strong leader is needed to create a social contract
The only legitimate political power is by the consent of the people.
Individuals must give up their rights.
- 5. Multiple Choice
Which Enlightenment belief challenged religious authority?
People have a right to overthrow a government if it takes away their natural rights
People get civil rights in return for having a government rule them
People should accept knowledge based on logic and observation, not faith
- 6. Multiple Choice
The idea that men are born equal with natural rights and that it's the government's job to protect those rights are prominent in the Declaration of Independence. That document was based MOST on the ideas of which of the following?
Machiavelli
Locke
Montesquieu
Darwin
- 7. Multiple Choice
John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau would be most likely to support
A society ruled by the Catholic Church
A government ruled by a divine right monarch
A society in which the people chose the ruler
return to feudalism in Europe
- 8. Multiple Choice
The writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment believed the government decisions should be based on
Laws of nature and reason
The concept of divine right of kings
Traditional values
Fundamental religious beliefs
- 9. Multiple Choice
With which of the following would an Enlightenment thinker MOST agree?
The only important part of a society is its economy
The right to rule comes from the consent of the people
A strong military government is needed to keep the people in line
The right to rule comes from God
- 10. Multiple Choice
Which of the following documents was MOST influenced by the ideas of Montesquieu?
The Bill of Rights
The Constitution
The Declaration of Independence The Articles of Confederation
- 11. Multiple Choice
Means the sun is the center of the universe
Heliocentrism
Geocentrism
Ethnocentrism
- 12. Multiple Choice
Believed natural state of humans was war and chaos
Voltaire
Locke
Homer
Hobbes
- 13. Multiple Choice
Wrote about separation of powers
Adam Smith
Montesquieu
Machiavelli
Galileo
- 14. Multiple Choice
Attacked the established Catholic Church, advocated for freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state
Voltaire
Smith
Adams
Montesquieu
- 15. Multiple Choice
Which of the following was the only absolute despot (monarch) who wholeheartedly embraced the ideas and reforms of the Enlightenment. (The ruler failed by implementing reform to quickly causing serfs to lose power.)
Frederick the Great
Joseph II
James II
Catherine the Great
- 16. Multiple Choice
Which event exposed Europeans to advances in science and mathematics, eventually leading to the Scientific Revolution?
the Crusades
the Spanish Inquisition
the Religious Wars
the Age of Discovery
- 17. Multiple Choice
Why did many ancient Greek astronomers believe in a geocentric explanation of our universe?
They relied on the conclusions of earlier civilizations.
They rarely relied on experimentation to answer their questions.
Their observations relied on a logic based on celestial bodies moving across the sky.
Their observations relied on flawed mathematical calculations from astronomical instruments.
- 18. Multiple Choice
Why did Nicolaus Copernicus wait until late in his life to publish his theory of a heliocentric universe?
He feared criticism from politicians.
He risked punishment by Church officials.
He had little money to hire a printer of his work.
He needed to be sure of his mathematical calculations.
- 19. Multiple Choice
Why was Galileo sent to stand trial by the Pope after publishing Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems?
In it he showed support for Copernicus's heliocentric theory which the church taught against.
In it he demonstrated false teachings about God's role in creating humans on Earth.
In it he claimed that Muslim scholars had more accurate mathematics formulas than England.
In it he announced that Jupiter had four moons which went against the Pope's teachings.
- 20. Multiple ChoiceThis man developed the idea that gravity acts on objects.CopernicusGalileoPtolemyNewton
- 21. Multiple Choice
How did the Scientific Revolution influence the American Revolution?
Questioning assumptions led to challenging ideas about government
Scientific discoveries influenced British foreign policies
The heliocentric theory caused unrest among the colonists
The salons influenced the French and Indian War
- 22. Multiple Choice
Since Rene Descartes believed that nothing can be known for sure, how did he explain facts could be proven?
Only through science and the application of reasoning.
Only through logic and the application of religion.
Only through religion and the application of science.
Only through logical reasoning and the application of mathematics.
- 23. Multiple Choice
How did Isaac Newton explain the role of God in the universe?
He believed God had little interest in the problem of humanity.
He believed God was periodically communicating with saints to reveal his purpose.
He imagined God as a clockmaker who created an orderly universe and then left it alone.
He though that God periodically punished humans who disobeyed him with disaster or disease.
- 24. Multiple Choice
How did British physician Edward Jenner create the world's first vaccine?
He inoculated people as the Chinese did by introducing them to live smallpox germs.
He inoculated people with cowpox which was much safer than live smallpox germs.
He inoculated people using contaminated blood of deceased smallpox victims.
He inoculated people by making people eat contaminated cow's meat.
- 25. Multiple Choice
Which statement would Thomas Hobbes agree?
An absolute monarch can best guarantee law and order.
An absolute monarch rules with the consent of his people.
Individuals have the most freedom under an absolute monarch.
- 26. Multiple Choice
Which of the following is an ideal promoted by 18th-century French intellectuals?
The government of a nation should be led by a tyrant.
The actions of an individual should be based on reason.
The beliefs of a person should be based on superstition.
The conclusion of a person should be based on assumption.
- 27. Multiple Choice
Which of the following characteristics of American government reflects the enlightenment thought of Voltaire?
Federalism
Bill of Rights
Republicanism
checks and balances
- 28. Multiple Choice
How was Rousseau's view of the social contract between people and government different from Hobbes?
Rousseau believed it was a way for people to consent to be governed by a dictator.
Rousseau believed it was an agreement between a society and its government.
Rousseau believed it was a way to force people to be ruled by the will of the wealthy.
Rousseau believed it was an agreement among free individuals to create a society and a government.
- 29. Multiple Choice
Why did Roman Catholic Church officials dislike Diderot's Encyclopedia?
The encyclopedia promoted Protestant ideals and the Church feared losing support.
They believed that the articles unfairly criticized the Church and its influence.
They wanted more articles written about the Catholic Church instead of government.
The encyclopedia rivaled their collection of church history made available to the public.
- 30. Multiple Choice
How did Enlightenment philosophers view the status of women in European society?
They wanted women to remain in their traditional roles as housekeepers.
They believed the equality that they promoted should be extended to women.
They believed that women should attend universities to learn how to be respectable.
They wanted women to obtain a practical education to prepare them for employment.
- 31. Multiple Choice
Under the rule of Catherine the Great, which group lost the most power and freedoms?
The nobles
The king and queen
The serfs
The merchant class
- 32. Multiple Choice
Who thinks this way?
Laws exist to preserve social order, not avenge crimes. Rights to a speedy trial and abolishment of capital punishment and torture.
Hobbes
Beccaria
Rousseau
Montesquieu
- 33. Multiple Choice
Who thinks this way?
Believed in a separation of powers within government (judicial, legislative, executive). "Combining powers among one person/group will lead to tyranny."
Beccaria
Rousseau
Montesquieu
Locke
- 34. Multiple Choice
Who thinks this way?
The Social Contract is a cooperative agreement among the community. "If the people nave not agreed to a law then it is not law."
Rousseau
Hobbes
Locke
Montesquieu
- 35. Multiple Choice
Who thinks this way?
Believed in religious toleration and freedom of speech. Accepting/permitting religious beliefs and practices. "All are equal in the eyes of their creator. In turn, all should be treated equally."
Rousseau
Montesquieu
Locke
Voltaire
- 36. Multiple Choice
Who thinks this way?
Believes in the idea of natural law and natural rights. These are life, liberty, and property. "All people are equal. Perfect freedom allows one to control oneself and their possessions."
Locke
Hobbes
Voltaire
Rousseau
- 37. Multiple Choice
Who thinks this way?
Believes that sovereign authority belongs to an all powerful ruler. "No leader leads to a state of chaos."
Locke
Hobbes
Voltaire
Montesquieu
- 38. Multiple Choice
The type of thinking where scientists look for patterns in data from experiments and observation and come up with conclusions.
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
- 39. Multiple ChoiceItalian physicist, mathematician, and astronomer who invented an accurate telescope and supported Copernicus's ideas.Galileo GalileiJohannes KeplerSir Francis BaconSir Isaac Newton
- 40. Multiple ChoiceMary Wollstonecraft fought for which of the following causes?American independenceLaissez-Faire economicsRights for minoritiesRights for women
- 41. Multiple ChoiceWhat are the three natural rights that everyone is said to be born with?Life, liberty, and moneyLiberty, money, and propertyLife, liberty, and propertyCellphones, cars, and clothes
- 42. Multiple Choice
Whose theory stated that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the universe?
Francis Bacon
Ben Franklin
Nicolaus Copernicus
Isaac Newton
- 43. Multiple ChoiceThe idea that the earth is the center of the universe is the ___________ theory.geocentricheliocentricearthcentricworld's worst
- 44. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following was developed by Isaac Newton?the heliocentric theorythe scientific methodthe theory of scientifc rationalismthe theory of universal gravitation
- 45. Multiple Choice
… Nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not separate from legislative power and from executive power. If it were joined to legislative power, the power over the life and liberty of the citizens would be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. If it were joined to executive power, the judge could have the force of an oppressor.…
—Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Law
In this passage, Montesquieu references
Enlightened despotism
a policy of mercantilism
separation of powers
a social contract
- 46. Multiple Choice
“We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
The ideas expressed in the quotation are based primarily on the writings of
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
John Locke
Voltaire
Baron de Montesquieu
- 47. Multiple Choice
“The rule of law is more powerful than the rule of the tyrant.”
-Simon Bolivar
“Whoever has the … supreme power… is bound to govern by established standing laws.”
-John Locke
What is the main idea expressed in these quotations?
Rulers should govern with unlimited power
All governments should be democratic
Rulers must be subject to the law
Governments should be based on the laws of God
- 48. Multiple Choice
“...the Laws ought to be so framed, as to secure the Safety of every citizen as much as possible.
...the Equality of the Citizens consists in this; that they should all be subject to the same Laws…”
-Documents of Catherine the Great, W.F. Reddaway, ed., Cambridge University Press (adapted)
The ideas of Catherine the Great of Russia show her role as a
absolute monarch
enlightened despot
dictor
divine right monarch
- 49. Multiple Choice". . . Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. . . ."— Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789
Which principle of the Enlightenment philosophers is expressed in this quotation from the French Revolution?natural lawnationalismfree tradesocialism - 50. Multiple Choice
The Scientific Revolution popularized the idea that
understanding is the result of observation and experimentation
Earth is the center of the solar system
church doctrine should be the source of new ideas
scientific research should be supervised by political authorities
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