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- 1. Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements is true of embryonic stem cells?
They normally differentiate into only eggs and sperm.
They can give rise to all cell types in the organism.
They can continue to reproduce for an indefinite period.
They can provide enormous amounts of information about the process of gene regulation.
- 2. Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements accurately describes one main characteristic of proto-oncogenes?
Their normal function is to suppress tumor growth.
They are produced by somatic mutations induced by carcinogenic substances.
They code for proteins associated with normal cell growth.
They are underexpressed in cancer cells.
- 3. Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements correctly describes tumor-suppressor genes?
They are frequently overexpressed in cancerous cells.
They are cancer-causing genes introduced into cells by viruses.
They can encode proteins that promote DNA repair or cell-cell adhesion.
They often encode proteins that stimulate the cell cycle.
- 4. Multiple Choice
A genetic test to detect predisposition to cancer would likely examine the APC gene for involvement in which type(s) of cancer?
colorectal
lung and breast
small intestinal and esophageal
lung only
- 5. Multiple Choice
In colorectal cancer, several genes must be mutated in order to contribute to a cell developing into a cancer cell. Which of the following kinds of genes would you expect to be mutated?
genes coding for enzymes that act in the colon
genes involved in control of the cell cycle
genes that are especially susceptible to mutation
the same genes that Knudsen identified as associated with retinoblastoma
- 6. Multiple Choice
Muscle cells differ from nerve cells mainly because they
express different genes.
contain different genes.
use different genetic codes.
have unique ribosomes.
- 7. Multiple Choice
Proto-oncogenes can change into oncogenes that cause cancer. Which of the following best explains the presence of these potential time bombs in eukaryotic cells?
Proto-oncogenes first arose from viral infections.
Proto-oncogenes are mutant versions of normal genes.
Proto-oncogenes are genetic "junk."
Proto-oncogenes normally help regulate cell division.
- 8. Multiple Choice
What is the physical process that gives an organism its shape?
differentiation
determination
developgenesis
morphogenesis
- 9. Multiple Choice
How can a developing embryo give rise to different cell types?
cytoplasmic determinants from the egg
different genes in each cell
differential determination from the sperm
hormones from the mother
- 10. Multiple Choice
What commits a cell irreversibly to its final fate?
morphogenesis
development
determination
fertilization
- 11. Multiple Choice
_________________ precedes _____________, the process by which a cell attains its determined fate
determination; differentiation
differentiation; determination
development; morphogenesis
morphogenesis; development
- 12. Multiple Choice
MyoD is best described as a ...
master regulatory gene
translation factor
muscle protein
embryonic precursor
- 13. Multiple Choice
The image best shows what process?
Differentiation
Apoptosis
Fertilization
Translation
- 14. Multiple Choice
Which organism was first cloned in 1950?
Sheep
Carrot
Mouse
Mushroom
- 15. Multiple Choice
Which process was used to make Dolly, the cloned sheep?
Nuclear transplantation
Differentiated cells grown in a viable egg
Differentiated cells grown in a culture medium
Epigenetics
- 16. Multiple Choice
Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes by
Movement of the oncogene to a position near an active promoter, which may increase transcription
Point mutations in the proto-oncogene, causing an increase in gene expression
Amplification, increasing the number of copies of a proto-oncogene
All of the above
- 17. Multiple Choice
p53 is a known tumor suppressor gene. Mutations in this gene may prevent what process?
suppression of the cell cycle
malignant tumor growth
differentiation
normal proto-oncogene transcription
- 18. Multiple Choice
During ___________, DNA is broken up and organelles and other cytoplasmic components are fragmented
apoptosis
differentiation
fertilization
determination
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