20 questions
Which of these is a pro of an enzymatic cascade?
It leads to regulation
It amplifies the response of a single binding molecule
It decreases the response of a single binding molecule
Because it is unregulated, it provides a variety of responses
Growth factors are a family of proteins that bind to receptors with the main purpose of proliferating and/or differentiating?
True
False
How are receptors classified?
Kinase Activity
Ligands
Structure
All of the above
A nonreceptor kinase requires a ligand to bind directly to it in order to phosphorylate other proteins.
True
False
Once GTP replaces GDP, the alpha subunit always goes on to activate succeeding proteins.
True
False
Which of these is necessary for the activation of PKC? Select all that apply.
PLC must be activated
PKA must be activated
PIP2 must be broken down
cAMP must be produced
PKC is a member of the tyrosine kinase family
True
False
A cell has a mutation which causes unregulated growth of the cell, what are possible locations for the mutation listed below? Select all that apply.
Growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase is unable to be phosphorylated
The phosphotase is inactive
The intracellular hormone receptor cannot bind to its DNA sequence
The alpha subunit GTPase activity is nonfunctional
The growth factor receptor is truncated leaving an active kinase extracellular tail
Nuclear receptors are linear receptors that bind directly to DNA in a ___________ fashion. The DNA sequence that recognizes these receptors are called ___________.
Trimeric; HRE's
Trimeric; LBD's
Dimeric; HRE's
Dimeric; LBD's
Membrane receptors can be classified into different families based on their structures, their kinase activity, and the ligand they bind to.
True
False
Which item listed below is not involved in some way in signal transduction for the cell?
Protein kinase
Small cyclic nucleotide
Membrane receptor protein
phosphorylated protein
None of the above
Which chemical molecule below would be a common theme amongst the signaling pathways to turn on or off a protein?
PO4
SO4
CLO4
AMP
None of the above
When the ligand binds to it specific G-protein coupled receptor, it always only leads to upregulation as the final target protein?
True
False
GPCR are made up of multiple subunits besides the seven membrane spanning region?
True
False
Phosphotases act generally and can remove phosphate groups off of any phosphorylated protein.
True
False
The tyrosine phosphotases are divided into two major classes: the receptor class and the nontransmembrane class.
True
False
With a growth factor named NGF, which of the following would most likely be its role in the body?
Promote neurite outgrowth and neural cell survival
Promote normal wound healing
Promotes proliferation of connective tissue, glial and smooth muscle cells
Promotes proliferation and differentiation of erythrocytes
Which of the following is a role of cytokines. Select all that apply.
Stimulate the humoral response
Stimulate the immune response
Activate phagocytes
None of the above
The differeance between serine /threonine and tryosine kinases is the fact that tyrosine kinases must dimerize while serine/threonine kinases do not have to dimerize.
True
False
Which receptor family is penetrated through the membrane and has intrinsic enzymatic activity?
Kinases
GPCR
Intracellular receptors
All of the above