The use of viruses to transform or genetically engineer cells.

The measure of how well cells are transformed in a new phenotype.

The insertion of a plasmid with a foreign gene into a bacterial cell which results in new acquired traits.

Genetic engineering or transformation of mammalian cells.

A plasmid

A clone

Recombinant DNA

Fragmented DNA

Genetically modified organisms

Clones

Transformed

Nutritionally improved

ligase

helicase

restriction enzymes

DNA scissors

The incubation of the bacteria at 95C

A process that uses calcium chloride.

A process that uses GFP

A process that uses polymerases

Trap the plasmids inside the cell.

Creates a temperature gradient, that allows the plasmid to move from into the bacteria through the enlarged pores of the cell membrane.

Provides for the death of the cell.

Increases the disintegration of the cell wall.

allows the bacteria to repair its membrane

allows the bacteria to take up the plasmid DNA

lets the bacteria get used to the temperature at which it will grow

lets the bacteria start to produce the product of the antibiotic resistance gene

The formed plasmid is inserted into the cell.

The gene of interest is turned on.

Super coiled molecules are formed in the plasmid of the cell.

There's a change in the structure and permeability of the cell membrane.

Make the cell competent.

Could provide a selective advantage for that cell.

Make the cell wall stronger.

Does not contribute

transcription

translation

transformation

replication

reverse transcription

They behave very well in public

They are manipulated easily and reproduce quickly.