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- 1. Multiple Choice
A scientist is studying a biome that experiences large seasonal fluctuations in both temperature and precipitation patterns.
Which of the following would best characterize the organisms that inhabit the biome?
Habitat specialists would be most abundant, because they have broad niches.
Generalists would be most abundant, because the resources available would be constantly changing.
Generalists that feed only on animals would be more abundant in the summer months, while generalists that feed only on plants would be more abundant in the winter months.
Specialists that live in trees would be more abundant in the summer months, whereas specialists that live in caves would be more abundant in the winter months.
- 2. Multiple Choice
Which of the following best describes a difference between generalist species and specialist species?
Generalists use a large range of resources, while specialists have a limited range of resources they use to survive.
Generalists can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions, while specialists thrive in a variety of environmental conditions.
Generalists are often herbivores, while specialists are often omnivores.
Generalists are more prone to extinction than specialists are.
- 3. Multiple Choice
A variety of plants and animals inhabit a forest ecosystem. Which statement correctly explains why certain organisms would be more likely to survive than others if a forest fire burned the area?
Specialist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions and they have a limited diet.
Specialist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a large range of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.
Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a narrow range of environmental conditions and they have a limited diet.
Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.
- 4. Multiple Choice
Song sparrows are found in a variety of habitats, including marshes, grasslands, agricultural fields, and suburban areas. They feed on a variety of organisms, including beetles, caterpillars, snails, and earthworms. They also consume plants, including different types of grains and berries. The table below summarizes the reproductive data for song sparrows.
Based on the description and the data table above, which of the following combinations best classifies the song sparrow?
K-strategist and generalist
r-strategist and generalist
K-strategist and specialist
r-strategist and specialist
- 5. Multiple Choice
The graphs below show changes in a population over time. The dashed line represents the carrying capacity of the species. Which of the following graphs best shows the population size of a K-selected species over time in a stable environment?
- 6. Multiple Choice
Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the table?
The European toad is a K
K-selected species because it has a Type III
III survivorship curve.
The black rhino is a K
K-selected species because it provides no parental care.
The European toad is a K
K-selected species because it can live up to 10 years.
The black rhino is a K
K-selected species because it has a low number of offspring per reproductive event.
- 7. Multiple Choice
Based on the survivorship curves shown below, which of the following is a possible reason for the change in the shape of the curve from 1900 to 1980?
Increased immigration and decreased emigration
Increased infant mortality rate
Improvements in health-care services and medical research
Decreased urbanization
- 8. Multiple Choice
The graph below shows the three types of survivorship curves over time.
The organism has a fairly constant mortality rate over time.
The organism reaches reproductive maturity after many years.
The organism produces large numbers of offspring every time it reproduces.
The organism provides constant parental care to its offspring for several years.
- 9. Multiple Choice
Which of the following claims best supports the classification of bees as an organism that displays a Type II
II survivorship curve, as shown in the graph above?
Queen bees are capable of laying up to 2,000 eggs in one day.
Away from the colony, bees experience a constant probability of death per unit time as a foraging species.
Bees communicate using chemical signals and exchange information through vibration of their wings.
Populations of bees are declining in North America due to habitat loss and pesticide use
- 10. Multiple Choice
Based on the trends shown in the table, in which of the following years was the owl population at carrying capacity?
1985
1990
2015
2020
- 11. Multiple Choice
Which of the following claims is best supported by the data shown in the table above?
The owl population experienced increased mortality from 2010 and 2015 because of small prey populations.
The owl population experienced population overshoot between 1995 and 2000 because of increased competition for resources.
The mouse population experienced increased fecundity between 2000 and 2005 because of declining resources.
The mouse population experienced zero population growth between 1985 and 1990 because of the large number of predators.
- 12. Multiple Choice
Researchers monitored the number of reindeer over time on an island off the coast of Alaska. The reindeer were introduced in year 1, and the population size was counted every 5 years. The data are shown in the table above. Which of the following claims about trends in the population size over time is best supported by the data?
The population did not have enough males to help the herd survive, so the population declined over time.
The population exceeded the carrying capacity of the island, which led to a decrease in the population size following extreme resource depletion.
The population experienced significant reindeer immigration after year 20.
The reindeer formed mutualistic relationships and thrived between year 10 and year 20.
- 13. Multiple Choice
In a given country, the population size is decreasing because there are fewer prereproductive-aged individuals in the population. Which of the age structure diagrams best illustrates the population of this country?
- 14. Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements best describes the pattern seen in age structure diagram C?
The county has very little difference between the number of individuals in younger age groups and in older age groups, indicating a declining population size.
There is an imbalance between males and females, with a ratio of 1.5 men to every woman in the population.
The county most likely has a total fertility rate of less than 2.0.
There are more women than men between the ages of 35–49 as a result of immigration of women into the county.
- 15. Multiple Choice
Which of the age structure diagrams best illustrates a county that has a stable population size and slow or no population growth?
- 16. Multiple Choice
Which of the following best describes the trends seen in the total fertility rates for the world population from 1950 to the projected rates in 2040 ?
Total fertility rates fell below carrying capacity after 1965 because of an increase in global conflicts.
Total fertility rates remained fairly steady from 1970 to 1985 as less-developed regions shifted to more agricultural-based economies.
Total fertility rates declined rapidly from 1960 to 2000 because women had children later in life as a result of increased educational opportunities.
Total fertility rates are projected to increase slightly from 2000 to 2040 as a result of technological advances and access to health care.
- 17. Multiple Choice
Based on the data in the graph, what was the average number of children born per woman in less-developed regions in 1975 ?
1.9
3.9
4.7
5.4
- 18. Multiple Choice
Based on the data in the graph, when did more-developed regions first reach replacement level fertility?
1950
1970
1990
2019
- 19. Multiple Choice
Based on current trends and patterns, which of the following statements best predicts how the human population will change over the next 50 years?
As the amount of available food and drinking water increases, the population size will also increase.
As the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality.
A decrease in the number and magnitude of earthquakes and tsunamis will decrease the amount of land available for agriculture, leading to decreased fecundity.
As educational and economic opportunities increase for women in less developed countries, both the total fertility rate and the population size will increase.
- 20. Multiple Choice
The rule of 70 can be used to determine a population’s doubling time. Doubling time is a measure of the
population growth rate
environmental impact of each individual in a population
length of time an individual born in a population is expected to live
average age of the first reproductive event per 1,000 women in a country
- 21. Multiple Choice
Which of the following density-independent factors can affect the size of a human population?
Disease
Availability of food
heat waves
access to clean water
- 22. Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements best describes why birth and death rates are changing in a country that is in Phase 2 of the demographic transition?
Individuals have better sanitation and access to clean drinking water.
Individuals have increased availability of birth control and have smaller family sizes.
The population has a high infant mortality rate because of the lack of health care.
The population size stops increasing and may decline if birth rates are lower than death rates.
- 23. Multiple Choice
A country is currently in the second stage of the demographic transition. Currently the country has a birth rate of 37.9 births per 1,000 individuals and a death rate of 13.4 deaths per 1,000 individuals.
Which of the following changes would indicate that the country is moving from the second stage into the third stage of the demographic transition?
The birth rate declines to 25.3 births per 1,000 individuals.
The birth rate declines to 13.1 births per 1,000 individuals.
The birth rate rises to 43.1 births per 1,000 individuals.
The death rate rises to 37.9 deaths per 1,000 individuals.
- 24. Multiple Choice
The demographic transition model describes population change over time as a country becomes more developed. Age-structure diagrams describe how populations are distributed across age ranges. Which of the following age-structure diagrams best displays the age ranges in a country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition?
A stationary age-structure diagram
An inverted pyramid age-structure diagram
A constrictive age-structure diagram
An expansive pyramid age-structure diagram
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