“. . . nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted”

“Congress shall make no law . . . [denying] the freedom of speech”

“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion . . .”

“The rights of the people . . . against unreasonable searches and seizures”

the radicals in the government

the poor throughout the country

the clergy who opposed Church reforms

the nobles who conspired against the state

The Directory

The National Assembly

The National Convention

The Committee of Public Safety

The Dutch navy supplied Spain with military equipment.

The Prussians sent troops to Spain to help defeat the French.

The Spanish fought a guerrilla campaign that slowly wore down the French.

The Spanish allied with the Italians, forcing Napoleon to fight a war on two fronts.

Both lacked the participation of major powers.

Both created the conditions for future conflict.

Both were created during major European wars.

Both tried to keep Europe safe from a major war.

Brazil

Mexico

the Philippines

Saint Domingue

Both were born in Venezuela.

Both fought with Bernardo O’Higgins to liberate Chile.

Both have modern Latin American countries named after them.

Both were disappointed by the lack of political unity in Latin America.

celebrates heroic achievements

glorifies the nobility and the wealth of a country

regards cities as places of industry and scholarship

provides scientific explanations for supernatural experiences

The country endured continuous political turmoil, disrupting industrial development.

The country was under constant threat of invasion that diverted resources to the military.

The government was relatively stable, and this security promoted business development.

The monarchy financed industrial development and encouraged the creation of new inventions.

It brought coal from the Yorkshire mines to a steel factory.

It transported paying citizens in passenger cars between cities.

It linked southern England with the northern half of the country.

It transported agricultural products from the countryside to major cities.

They began to receive the same wages as men.

They entered the workforce as domestic servants.

They began to attend college to train for careers as teachers.

They became isolated from their families working long hours in factories.

shop owners

textile workers

factory managers

mechanical drafters

specialization

assembly line

division of labor

interchangeable parts

France and United States

Belgium and Great Britain

Austria-Hungary and Spain

Germany and Piedmont-Sardinia

anarchism

capitalism

communism

socialism

Power was unequal among the three estates

Most people belonged to the First Estate

The Third Estate was content with the social structure

The Second Estate paid all taxes

Colonies exist to provide raw materials and markets for mother countries.

The peoples have the right to overthrow their government if it abuses its power.

Governments may restrict freedom of speech and of the press during times of crisis.

Factories and businesses should be owned by the government rather than by individuals.

People should push for industrial change

People needed to challenge the monarchy

People should NOT challenge the government

People were to maintain the current social structure

Establish a military government

Create a new national constitution

Restore the King to power

Persuade Napoleon to take power

Growing demand of farmers

Creation of a new middle class

Unsanitary conditions

Need for factory workers

concentration of workers in cities.

desire of the wealthy class to share its power.

formation of powerful craft guilds.

control of agricultural production by governments.

Strengthening the importance of the family farm

Allowing women to manage state farms

Encouraging city dwellers to return to farming

Producing more food with fewer workers

A growing population

Natural resources

Inventions

All of the above