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- 1. Multiple Choice
During x-ray production the electrons penetrate the target how deep?
Electrons travel approximately 0.5 mm into the target during x-ray production.
Electrons travel approximately 0.2 mm into the target during x-ray production.
Electrons travel approximately 5.0 mm into the target during x-ray production.
- 2. Multiple Choice
How are x-rays produced?
X-rays are produced by both characteristic and bremsstrahlung interactions between the filament electron and the tungsten atom.
X-rays are produced by both photoelectric and Compton interactions between the filament electron and the tungsten atom.
X-rays are produced by both coherent scattering and photodisintegration interactions between the filament electron and the tungsten atom.
- 3. Multiple Choice
When filament electrons enter the anode target, they interact with what?
When filament electrons enter the anode target, they interact with the inner shell electrons of tungsten atoms.
When filament electrons enter the anode target, they interact with the outer shell electrons of tungsten atoms.
None of the above
- 4. Multiple Choice
When a filament electron knocks out a K shell electron from the tungsten atom, it leads to what?
A characteristic x-ray photon
A brems x-ray photon
None of the above.
- 5. Multiple Choice
How are characteristic x-ray photons produced?
To produce characteristic radiation, outer-shell electrons must drop into an inner-shell vacancy created by the filament electron knocking out the orbital electron.
To produce characteristic radiation, inner shell electrons must drop into an outer shell vacancy created by the filament electron knocking out the orbital electron.
None of the above
- 6. Multiple Choice
The energy of the characteristic x-ray photon depends on what?
Characteristic radiation depends on the energy level of the incoming electron, the binding energy of the electron that is knocked out and the shell of the orbital electron that drops into the vacancy.
Characteristic radiation depends on the energy level of the outgoing electron, the binding energy of the electron that is knocked out and the shell of the orbital electron that drops into the vacancy.
None of the above.
- 7. Multiple Choice
A filament electron removes a K shell electron and an M shell electron fills the vacancy. The K shell binding energy is 69.5 keV and the M shell binding energy is 2.8 keV. What is the energy of the K-characteristic photon produced?
66.7 keV.
69.5 keV.
56.7 keV.
- 8. Multiple Choice
The process of a series of outer-shell electrons filling inner-shell vacancies right after the other is called?
characteristic cascade
characteristic x-rays
characteristic sequence
- 9. Multiple Choice
The word Bremsstrahlung means?
Bremsstrahlung is the German word for “braking” or “slowing down” radiation.
Bremsstrahlung is the German word for “speeding up” radiation.
None of the above
- 10. Multiple Choice
What happens to the filament electron during bremsstrahlung interaction?
During the bremsstrahlung interaction, the filament electron is attracted to the nucleus, causing it to slow down and change direction.
During the bremsstrahlung interaction, the filament electron is attracted to the orbital electron, causing it to slow down and change direction.
None of the above.
- 11. Multiple Choice
The energy of the brems photon depends on what?
The energy of the brems photon depends on the energy of the filament electron as it enters and exits the tungsten atom. The energy level as it exits depends on the strength of the attraction between the electron and the nucleus.
The energy of the brems photon depends on the energy of the filament electron as it enters the tungsten atom. The energy level as it enters depends on the strength of the attraction between the electron and the anode's orbital electron.
None of the above
- 12. Multiple Choice
The average energy of a brems photon is ... of the kVp selected at the control panel.
The average energy of a brems photon is one third of the kVp selected at the control panel.
The average energy of a brems photon is two-third of the kVp selected at the control panel.
The average energy of a brems photon is one-half of the kVp selected at the control panel.
- 13. Multiple Choice
The majority of the x-ray photons produced are called what?
The majority of the x-ray photons produced are the result of brems interactions.
Characteristic photons
photons with energy higher than 70 keV
- 14. Multiple Choice
The total number of x-ray photons in a beam is referred to as the?
X-ray quantity refers to the total number of photons in the beam.
X-ray quality refers to the total number of photons in the beam.
None of the above
- 15. Multiple Choice
Which of the following factors affect beam quantity?
kVp
Distance
Filtration
All of the above
- 16. Multiple Choice
Which of the following is the primary factor controlling quantity?
mAs
kVp
Distance
Filtration
- 17. Multiple Choice
To double the beam quantity:
halve the mAs
leave the mAs as is and reduce the kVp
double the mAs
- 18. Multiple Choice
If kVp is doubled, the quantity of radiation increases by a factor of?
2
3
Doubling the kVp increases beam quantity by a factor of 4 (the square of the ratio of the change).
8
- 19. Multiple Choice
If the kVp is changed from 30 kVp to 90 kVp, the quantity of radiation in the beam increases by a factor of
2
3
6
Tripling the kVp increases beam quantity by a factor of 9 (the square of the ratio of the change).
- 20. Multiple Choice
To increase the quantity of radiation by adjusting the kVp to the same level as doubling the mAs, increase kVp by a factor of
2%
5%
10%
Increasing the kVp by 15% is equivalent to doubling the mAs, which results in doubling the quantity of radiation.
- 21. Multiple Choice
Why is It not recommended that kVp be used to control beam quantity?
It affects scatter
production
It affects penetrability of the beam
It is less predictable in how changing the kVp affects the image
kVp is not recommended as the primary method to control beam quantity because it affects so many other factors in image production.
- 22. Multiple Choice
As the distance increases, the beam quantity reaching a specific area does what?
increases
stays the same
Increasing the distance results in the number of photons in a specific area being decreased.
- 23. Multiple Choice
If the distance from the source is doubled, the quantity of radiation reaching a specific area is ... the original.
double
quadruple
Doubling the distance from the source reduces the beam intensity to one-fourth the original (half squared = one fourth), as specified in the inverse square law.
- 24. Multiple Choice
The inverse square law describes the relationship between ... and beam intensity.
kVp
exposure time
The inverse square law describes the relationship between distance and beam intensity.
- 25. Multiple Choice
If the distance from the source is changed from 72 inches to 36 inches and the original beam intensity was 200 mR, what is the new intensity?
50 mR
100 mR
400mR
800 mR. Based on the inverse square law, halving the distance from the source results in four times the intensity. I1/I2 = d22/d21 ; 200/I2 = 362/722 ; 1296 I2 = 1036800 ; I2 = 800 mR.
- 26. Multiple Choice
Filtration placed in the path of the x-ray beam does what?
Beam filtration reduces beam quantity by absorbing low-energy photons.
absorbs high-energy photons
None of the above
- 27. Multiple Choice
What is the purpose of beam filtration?
control beam quantity
reduce the wear and tear on
the tube
Although it does reduce beam quantity, filtration serves only to reduce patient dose by absorbing low-energy photons that do not contribute to image formation.
- 28. Multiple Choice
To produce a radiographic image, it is necessary that:
some photons penetrate the
body
some photons do not penetrate the body
all photons penetrate the
body
To produce a radiographic image, there must be x-ray photons that do and do not penetrate the body. If all the x-rays penetrated, the image would be black.
- 29. Multiple Choice
Beam quality refers to?
Beam quality refers to the energy level or penetrability of the x-ray beam.
the amount of radiation
how useful the radiation is
- 30. Multiple Choice
What is the primary controlling factor for beam quality is
Although affected by filtration, kVp is the controlling factor for beam quality.
mAs
Distance
- 31. Multiple Choice
As the kVp increases
beam energy decreases
beam energy increases
beam penetrability increases
2 and 3
- 32. Multiple Choice
A higher energy beam is said to be a ... beam.
Soft
Hard
Weak
Powerful
- 33. Multiple Choice
Placing filtration in the path of the beam results in
Adding filtration removes lower energy photons, resulting in a higher energy, or harder beam.
Softer beam
More x-ray photons
Adding filtration removes lower energy photons, resulting in a higher energy, or harder beam.
- 34. Multiple Choice
Half-value layer (HVL) is used to measure what?
beam intensity
beam quantity
HVL is a measure of beam quality.
- 35. Multiple Choice
One HVL reduces the intensity of the x-ray beam to ... of its original.
One-fourth
One-third
One HVL reduces the beam intensity to one-half of the original.
- 36. Multiple Choice
How many HVLs are needed to reduce beam intensity from 600 mR to 150 mR?
One
Three
Two HVL reduces the intensity by 1/4th of the original 600mR.
- 37. Multiple Choice
The beam that is found leaving the collimator and exposes the patient is called?
Collimator beam
Remnant Beam
The primary beam is found leaving the collimator and exposes the patient.
- 38. Multiple Choice
The x-ray beam that leaves the patient to expose the IR is called?
patient beam
primary beam
The remnant beam is that portion of the primary beam that exits the patient to expose the IR.
- 39. Multiple Choice
The remnant radiation that did not interact with any anatomic structures is?
primary radiation
secondary radiation
scattered radiation
Radiation that passes through the patient without any interactions is called transmitted radiation.
- 40. Multiple Choice
The remnant radiation that have an interaction with an anatomic structure is
Scattered radiation is the part of the remnant radiation that interacts with the part.
Primary radiation
Transmitted
- 41. Multiple Choice
A discrete emission spectrum is a graphic representation of?
A discrete emission spectrum illustrates characteristic radiation.
Remnant radiation
Transmitted
- 42. Multiple Choice
A continuous emission spectrum is a graphic representation of?
A continuous emission spectrum illustrates bremsstrahlung radiation.
characteristic radiation
remnant radiation
- 43. Multiple Choice
The x-ray emission spectrum is a graphic illustration of?
The x-ray emission spectrum combines both the discrete and continuous spectra.
Characteristic radiation only
Bremsstrahlung radiation only
- 44. Multiple Choice
The x-axis for all emission spectra represents?
The x-axis measures the energy level of the x-ray photons.
number of photons
HVL of the photons
- 45. Multiple Choice
The y-axis for all emission spectra represents?
The y-axis provides information regarding the number of photons.
energy level of the photons
HVL of the photons
- 46. Multiple Choice
L-characteristic and higher photon energies are not usually displayed on a discrete emission spectrum because?
The L-characteristic and higher photons produced have such low energies that they do not contribute to image formation.
there are no photons produced at those levels
the energies of the photons produced are too high for image production
- 47. Multiple Choice
With a 75-kVp exposure, the energy of the photons displayed on the continuous emission spectrum can range from just above 0 to?
Brems radiation photon energy can range from just above 0 to the kVp set at the control panel up to 75 keV.
50 keV
150 keV
- 48. Multiple Choice
With the x-ray emission spectrum, the discrete line is the highest energy ... bar.
J-characteristic
L-characteristic
Combining both the discrete and continuous emission spectra, the only part of the discrete spectra displayed is the highest-energy K-characteristic photons
- 49. Multiple Choice
If all other factors remain constant, a decrease in the mA results in?
Decreasing the mA results in fewer photons, decreasing the levels along the y-axis.
an increase along the y-axis
a shift to the left along the x-axis
- 50. Multiple Choice
Increasing the kVp results in?
Increasing the kVp affects both the quantity (y-axis) and quality (x-axis) of the spectrum. The spectrum shifts to the right because higher-energy photons are produced
a shift to the left along the x-axis
None of the above
- 51. Multiple Choice
Adding filtration in the path of the beam results in the x-ray emission spectrum?
changing along the x-axis
changing along the y-axis
both of the above
- 52. Multiple Choice
Changing from a high-frequency generator to a single-phase generator results in the x-ray emission spectrum:
changing along the x-axis
changing along the y-axis
both of the above
- 53. Multiple Choice
Changing the ... results in changes to the x-axis, y-axis, and location of the discrete line of the x-ray emission spectrum.
kVp
mAs
Target material.
The only variable that changes the discrete line of the spectrum along with the quantity and quality of the beam is changing target material.
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