The Articles of Confederation had a unicameral legislature, while the Constitution created a bicameral legislative branch

The Articles of Confederation said that an amendment requires the unanimity of all states, while the Constitution uses signing statements to shape legislation.

The Articles of Confederation protected individual liberties, while the Constitution says there is no protection of specific individual rights

The Articles of Confederation created a powerful executive branch, while the Constitution says the federal government is supreme over the states

National currency was established in the Articles of Confederation, Congress coins money in the Constitution

Laws passed by a simple majority happened in the Articles of Confederation, A two-thirds vote to override a veto is written in the Constitution

Government was able to borrow money in the Articles of Confederation, Congress can declare war in the Constitution

Bicameral legislature was created in the Articles of Confederation, Electing a president is in the Constitution

States with larger populations were underrepresented in Congress

There was a lack of a national military power to address security concerns

The national government did not provide sufficient protection of individual rights

The lack of a centralized judiciary made enforcement of national laws difficult

The nation had expanded too quickly.

The government of Massachusetts was ineffective

The Articles of Confederation had to be revised to create a stronger national government.

The economic well-being of the country was still tied to Great Britain.

The Anti-Federalists wanted a stronger national government and weaker state governments, while the Federalists wanted a weaker national government and stronger state governments.

The Anti-Federalists wanted checks and balances to counter the stronger state governments, while the Federalists wanted the protection of property rights through a Bill of Rights.

The Federalists wanted a Bill of Rights to protect the states and the people, while the Anti-Federalists wanted the national government to be stronger than state governments.

The Federalists wanted a stronger national government and weaker state governments, while the Anti-Federalists wanted a weaker national government and stronger state governments.

A dominant national government with little active participation from the states

An equal distribution of power between the states and the national government

Strong states and a weak central government

The ability to adapt to changing times

A single executive was chosen who could only serve one term

A national court structure was established

A bicameral legislature was created

All states had equal representation in both legislative bodies

Electoral Compromise

Three-Fifths Compromise

Great Compromise

Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise

Brutus 1 supported inclusion in the Constitution of a Bill of Rights, while Federalist No. 10 feared majority would threaten minority rights

Brutus 1 favored Congress having the right to tax, while Federalist No. 10was against Congress having the right to tax

Brutus 1supported the “necessary and proper clause,” whileFederalist No. 10 feared the influence of factions

Brutus 1supported the Supremacy clause, while Federalist No. 10was against the Supremacy clause

Splinter groups of the executive

States not willing to be a part of the federal union

Political parties and interest groups

Negative members of Congress

In Federalist 10, power should be concentrated in the executive branch to address factions. In Brutus 1, national government is too far from the people.

In Federalist 10, the effects of factions cannot be controlled. In Brutus 1, popular sovereignty leads to anarchy

In Federalist 10, factions are inevitable with popular sovereignty. In Brutus 1, a strong national government is needed.

InFederalist 10, factions are most dangerous at the local level. In Brutus 1, small republics are best for stable governments

An electoral college in the selection of the president

A president who is youthful and assertive

A single executive who can respond quickly to crises

A president who has a good understanding of public policy

White supremacists marching in Charlottesville, Virginia, to protest the removal of Confederate statues

Tea Party members recruiting a candidate to oppose an incumbent in Congress

The Democratic minority in the Senate blocking legislation using a filibuster

The National Rifle Association asking its members to lobby Congress to oppose gun control legislation

Factions are formed to protect liberty.

Factions can be controlled by controlling its causes and removing its effects.

Factions can be dealt with by giving in to their demands.

The methods and means of eliminating factions are impractical.

Congressional Black Caucus

National Organization for Women

The chair of the Democratic Party

Members of the Senate Judiciary Committee

The best security against the concentration of power would be a Bill of Rights.

Dividing power helps to check the power of government.

Each branch of government should be dependent on each other.

Those in power get the right to govern from a higher authority.

Supremacy clause

The Senate filibuster

Federalism

Separation of Powers

Madison believed religion would guide the wisdom of those who governed.

Madison believed it was the nature of those who governed to need a check on their power.

Madison believed the goodness of people would ensure that government would make good policies.

Madison believed there was no need for free elections.

The legislature, executive branch, and the judiciary would have been independent from each other.

Minorities would have threatened the rights of the majority.

Majorities would not have threatened the rights of minorities.

There would not have been three branches of government.

The colonies should ratify the United States Constitution.

Just like a snake, the colonists should use venom against its enemies.

Colonists should unite against the British decision to raise taxes.

The colonists should join together to declare their independence from Great Britain.

Anti-abortion activists

Gun-control advocates

Supporters of an immigrant travel ban

Tea Party activists who want to take the government back

Mayflower Compact

U.S. Constitution

Articles of Confederation

Declaration of Independence

Sales of marijuana decreased in the years that growth decreased.

Sales of marijuana increased at the same rate growth increased between 2012 and 2014.

Sales and growth of marijuana have increased between 2012 and 2016.

Growth of marijuana has decreased between 2014 and 2016.

States did not tax the use of marijuana.

As more states legalized marijuana, sales increased.

There was an increase in illegal use of marijuana in the United States.

Medical use of marijuana was made illegal by the federal government.

Deport illegal immigrants is a state power, establish uniform immigration laws is a congressional power

Regulate interstate commerce is a state power, establish post offices is a congressional power

Driving laws are a state power, declaring war is a congressional power

Regulate voting is a state power, regulate zoning is a congressional power

A review of President Trump’s executive order banning immigrants from certain predominantly Muslim countries

A review of a federal law mandating affirmative action in industries that have contracts with the government

A review by the Supreme Court over a dispute between New York and New Jersey dealing with property rights related to Ellis Island

A review of the constitutionality of the Violence Against Women’s Act

Allowed Congress to amend the Constitution

Strengthened the powers of the states

Supported the concept of national supremacy

Established the principle of judicial review

Government is bound by the Constitution, and laws which are in violation of the Constitution are invalid.

The status of the Supreme Court as the head of a coequal branch of government should be maintained.

The Supreme Court should be the most powerful branch of government.

The power of the Supreme Court is determined by the Constitution of the United States.

Federalism

Judicial review

Separation of powers

Checks and balances

Schenck v. United States (1919)

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Established the doctrine of judicial review

Established the doctrine of dual federalism

Affirmed the supremacy of the federal government over the states

Placed limits on the powers of Congress

Roe v. Wade (1973) → McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Schenck v. United States (1919) → New York Times v. United States (1971)

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) → Baker v. Carr (1962)

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) → United States v. Lopez (1995)

The federal government should have a dominant role over the states because of economic and political trends

Under federalism, it is easy to separate the responsibilities between federal and state governments

The purpose of federalism is the distribution of power between central and regional units of government

A strict separation of national and state functions needs to exist for federalism to work

The House of Representatives chooses the vice president

Candidates campaign in many small states in the days leading up to a presidential election

Voters directly elect the president when they go to the polls in early November

It is possible for a candidate to win the popular vote on the national level but still lose the presidential election

The idea that governments have natural rights which citizens do not have

The idea that citizens never have the right to rebel against the government

The idea of social contract between the government and the governed

The idea that the primary purpose of government is to govern the common people, who need firm control

Fiscal federalism involves limited control of the national government over the state

Nixon’s revenue sharing plan is an example of fiscal federalism

The Founding Fathers interpreted federalism as dual federalism

Interstate highway projects are an example of dual federalism

The articles of the Constitution

The first 10 amendments

The Preamble

The Articles of Confederation

Presidential signature

Congressional ratification

Proposal at the national level

Proposal at the state level

The Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

The eminent Domain clause of the Fifth Amendment

The Reserved Powers clause of the Tenth Amendment

The Full Faith and Credit clause in Article 4

Is the removal of a president from office

Is presided over by the vice president

Requires a majority vote of the Senate for conviction

Exemplifies the concept of checks and balances

The appointment of the Speaker of the House

The ratification of treaties by the Senate

The congressional veto

A declaration of war by Congress

Interest groups

The consent of the governed

Bureaucrats

A system of several strong groups

Special interests groups tend to have an upper-class bias within the group.

Special interest groups represent all segments of the population.

Only small groups within large organizations create interest groups.

Only business interest groups can be successful in organizing

Elitist or class theory

Bureaucratic theory

Traditional democratic theory

Pluralist theory

Pluralist democracy, though it involves groups at different stages of the process of developing policy, excludes a significant portion of the population.

Participatory democracy, which emphasizes expanded participation, creates too much conflict within the system.

Pluralist democracy, which seeks to shield elites from popular opinion, functions best when individual citizens do not participate in the process

Participatory democracy, which emphasizes limited participation, marginalizes those who do not have the economic means to participate.

Democracy is based on choosing officials to run the government

A small number of powerful corporate and military leaders rule in their own self-interest

Government depends on the “consent of the governed”

Interest groups compete to promote their preferences

Bureaucrats, who carry on the day-to-day workings of the government, control public policy

Interest groups continually compete in the public arena; as a result, bargaining and compromise is a necessity

A small number of elites rule in their own self-interest

There are many strong groups influencing government, and each pulls the government in numerous directions, creating gridlock

In pluralist theory, corporate interests control government. In elite theory, no one group is able to dominate.

In pluralist theory, it is a unified group of individuals that possesses a dominant influence over the public policy process and its outcomes. In elite theory, groups are so varied and strong that gridlock occurs.

In pluralist theory, real power is held by a relatively small number of people. In elite theory, real power is held by groups, each one advocating for its own cosent policies.

In pluralist theory, interest groups benefit democracy by bringing representation to all people. In elite theory, it is a system of interlocking connections based on class or position that control government.

Liberals

Conservatives

Elitists

Pluralists

Trustee

Majoritarian

Elitist

Pluralism

Hyper-pluralists

Democrats

Elitists

Pluralists