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- 1. Multiple Choice
A simple association forms between two events when ________.
the two events occur together
the two events are associated with rewards
only when the relationship between them makes sense
only when the events result in an orienting response
- 2. Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements best describes the concept of classical conditioning?
Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.
Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others.
Organisms learn from their voluntary responses which develop over time.
Organisms learn from the connections between stimuli.
- 3. Multiple Choice
In Pavlov's classical conditioning study, the neutral stimulus that was presented to the dog was ________.
the meat powder
the apparatus
a bell sound
an electric shock
- 4. Multiple Choice
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ________.
conditioning of behaviors
conditioning of habits
conditioning of stimuli
conditioning of reflexes
- 5. Multiple Choice
When being photographed, Maria used to blink whenever the flash went off. Now, Maria starts blinking every time she is photographed, even before the camera's flash goes off. To Maria, the camera has become a(n) ________.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
unconditioned response (UR)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
conditioned response (CR)
- 6. Multiple Choice
Forward conditioning occurs when the ________.
conditioned response occurs before the neutral stimulus is presented
unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus
unconditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the neutral stimulus
neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus
- 7. Multiple Choice
Spontaneous recovery occurs when a(n) ________.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that has been removed is introduced once again
unconditioned response (UCR) that has been extinguished suddenly reappears
conditioned response (CR) that has been extinguished suddenly reappears
conditioned stimulus (CS) that has been removed is introduced once again
- 8. Multiple Choice
Thorndike's law of effect states that ________.
an organism can learn to associate a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus
the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
children learn aggression by being exposed to aggressive adult role models
some behaviors are inherently easier to learn than others
- 9. Multiple Choice
A(n) ________ is defined as any internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior.
catalyst
converter
unconditioned stimulus
reinforcer
- 10. Multiple Choice
Giving extra credit points for turning in homework on time increases the likelihood that students will submit their assignments on time. This is an example of ________.
backward conditioning
stimulus discrimination
positive reinforcement
observational conditioning
- 11. Multiple Choice
Can negative reinforcers be punishers?
No, because punishments are always positive.
Yes, because punishments are always negative.
Yes, because negative reinforcers decrease desired behaviors.
No, because negative reinforcers increase desired behaviors.
- 12. Multiple Choice
Janet, a nine-year-old, hears her father swearing at someone over the telephone. The next day, she imitates her father and swears at another child in the school. According to Albert Bandura's social learning theory, this is an example of ________.
habituation
imprinting
modeling
conditioning
- 13. Multiple Choice
Nathan, a teenager, learns how to change the tires of his bike by watching his father do it. This is an example of ________.
observational learning
latent learning
traditional conditioning
operant conditioning
- 14. Multiple Choice
________ provides clear evidence of a sensitivity period in learning.
Stimulus discrimination
Spontaneous recovery
Association
Imprinting
- 15. Multiple Choice
Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others?
Conditioning
Shaping
Modeling
Reinforcement
- 16. Multiple Choice
In a ________, the number of responses needed for reinforcement differs from time to time and it produces a very steady rate of response, because the individual is not quite sure how many responses are necessary to obtain reinforcement.
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
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