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- 1. Multiple ChoiceLearning is defined asany behavior emitted by an organism without being elicitedA changed in the behavior of the organismA relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experienceBehavior based on operant rather than respondent conditioning
- 2. Multiple ChoiceThe gradual disappearance of a conditioned response isModelingextinctionA token economyCognitive learning
- 3. Multiple ChoiceThe sudden recurrence of a conditioned response after extinction has taken place is referred to asrelearningstimulus discriminationstimulus generalizationspontaneous recovery
- 4. Multiple ChoiceWhen John turns on the light to his aquarium the fish swim to the top even before he sprinkles the food. What used to be a neutral stimulus for the fish?the foodthe waterthe lightJohn
- 5. Multiple ChoiceOnce Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a bell, the bell was a(n)unconditioned stimulusneutral stimulusconditioned stimulusunconditioned response
- 6. Multiple ChoiceTamara normally feeds her cat canned cat food. She noticed that every time she uses her electric can opener, her cat comes to the kitchen. What is the conditioned stimulus?The cat foodThe sound of the electric can openerThe cat coming to the kitchenTamara
- 7. Multiple ChoiceA group of ranchers attempts to discourage coyotes from attacking their sheep by placing a substance on the wool of the sheep that makes coyotes violently ill if they eat it. Very quickly, the coyotes avoid the sheep entirely. In this scenario, what are the UCS, CS, and CR, respectively?The substance, the sheep’s wool, aversion to the sheepThe sheep’s wool, the substance, aversion to sheepAversion to sheep, the substance, the sheep’s wool
- 8. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is true of classical conditioning?UCS produces UCRCR produces the CSUCR produces the CSCS produces the UCS
- 9. Multiple ChoiceDylan’s mother buys him a sailor’s cap before they go on a family fishing trip. On the boat, Dylan gets nauseated and vomits. Th e next day he gets nauseated just from looking at the sailor’s cap. Th e sailor’s cap has become:The unconditioned stimulusThe conditioned stimulusThe conditioned responseThe unconditioned response
- 10. Multiple ChoiceDesensitization therapy can best be defined as:A conditioning technique that creates an avoidance of certain foodsA conditioning technique that gradually increases one’s desire to perform a particular behaviorA conditioning technique that uses generalization to get people to overcome their fearsA conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation
- 11. Multiple ChoiceOnce Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, the tuning fork was a(n)unconditioned stimulusneutral stimulusconditioned stimulusunconditioned response
- 12. Multiple ChoiceIn the Little Albert experiment, the Neutral stimulus is the:ratfearloud noisemother
- 13. Multiple ChoiceIn the Little Albert experiment, the Unconditioned Stimulus is the:loud noisefearratmother
- 14. Multiple ChoiceIn the Little Albert experiment, the unconditioned response is the:fearwhite ratmotherloud noise
- 15. Multiple ChoiceIn the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned response is the:ratfearmotherloud noise
- 16. Multiple ChoiceAfter Classical conditioning, the Neutral Stimulus (NS) becomes the:Unconditioned responseUnconditioned stimulusConditioned StimulusConditioned response
- 17. Multiple Choice
Which theorist thought that people could be trained to perform a certain task or response by providing some sort of trigger?
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
B. F. Skinner
Jean Piaget
- 18. Multiple Choice
What is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response?
Normal learning
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Positive reinforcement
- 19. Multiple Choice
In classical conditioning, what is a stimulus that automatically elicits a particular unconditoned response?
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned response (UR)
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Conditioned response (CR)
- 20. Multiple Choice
In classical conditioning, what is the learned response given to a particular conditioned stimulus?
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response (CR)
Unconditioned response (UR)
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
- 21. Multiple Choice
In classical conditioning, what is the gradual disappearance of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction
Conditioned reflex (CR)
Shaping
Generalization
- 22. Multiple Choice
In classical conditioning, what is the reappearance after a period of time of a conditioned response that has been subjected to extinction?
Extinction
Spontaneous recovery
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Negative reinforcement
- 23. Multiple Choice
Which theorist was a behaviorist who believed that children were "blank slates" and acquired all skills and personality via learning?
B. F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
John Locke
- 24. Multiple Choice
Which theorist was a behaviorist and developed operant conditioning to explain how we acquire and maintain voluntary behavior?
E. L. Thorndike
B. F. Skinner
John B. Watson
Lev Vygotsky
- 25. Multiple Choice
What is a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher?
Classical conditioning
Positive reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Programmed instruction
- 26. Multiple Choice
What increases behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food? This is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
- 27. Multiple Choice
What increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock? This is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
- 28. Multiple Choice
What involves the presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
- 29. Multiple Choice
What occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs in order to weaken the response it follows?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
- 30. Multiple Choice
The student jumps up and down, hand raised, yelling "me, me, me!" and the teacher calls on her. The child jumps and yells even more in the future. This is an example of...
Positive punishment
Negative punishment
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
- 31. Multiple Choice
Jamie swats the dog with a newspaper for peeing on the carpet. This is an example of...
Positive punishment
Positive reinforcement
Negative punishment
Negative reinforcement
- 32. Multiple ChoiceWhat is a reinforcer?Anything that decreases the frequency of a behaviorAnything that the subject likesAnything that the subject will work forAnything that follows a behavior and increases the frequency of a behavior
- 33. Multiple ChoiceWhat is punishment?Anything that the subject will work to avoidAny unpleasant stimulusAnything that the subject dislikesAnything that decreases the frequency of a behavior
- 34. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?Taking away dessert if a child doesn't finish his dinnerGiving a child money for doing his choresSpanking a child for walking into the streetTaking away privileges if a child doesn't finish his homework
- 35. Multiple Choice
IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, A STIMULUS THAT ELICITS NO RESPONSE BEFORE CONDITIONING
ACQUISITION
EXTINCTION
NEUTRAL STIMULS
SHAPING
- 36. Multiple Choice
IN OPERANT CONDITIONING, WHAT IS AN EVENT THAT STRENGTHENS THE BEHAVIOR IT FOLLOWS?
REINFORCMENT
ACQUISITION
EXTINCTION
SHAPING
- 37. Multiple Choice
WHAT IS AN OPERANT CONDITIONING PROCEDURE IN WHICH REINFORCERS GUIDE BEHAVIOR TOWARD CLOSER AND CLOSER APPROXIMATIONS?
OPERANT BEHAVIOR
RESPONDENT BEHAVIOR
SHAPING
STIMULUS
- 38. Multiple Choice
Which form of learning would be studied in a Skinner box?classical conditioningoperant conditioningobservational learninglatent learning - 39. Multiple Choice
What type of learning occurs when an animal has free run of a maze?
Latent Learning
Associative Learning
Non-Associative Learning
Insight Learning
- 40. Multiple Choicestudied salivation responses in dogsIvan PavlovJohn GarciaJohn B. WatsonMollie Mowrer
- 41. Multiple Choiceconditioned an 11-month-old boy to fear laboratory ratsIvan PavlovJohn GarciaJohn B. WatsonB.F. Skinner
- 42. Multiple Choice
Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio
fixed-interval
variable-interval
variable-ratio
- 43. Multiple Choice
Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.
fixed-interval
variable-interval
fixed-ratio
variable-ratio
- 44. Multiple Choice
Gambling is reinforced according to which schedule?
fixed-interval
fixed-ratio
variable-interval
variable-ratio
- 45. Multiple Choice
Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
fixed-interval
fixed-ratio
variable-interval
variable-ratio
- 46. Multiple ChoiceRandom drug testing for a professional athleteFixed IntervalFixed RatioVariable IntervalVariable Ratio
- 47. Multiple ChoiceAfter you buy 4 meals at a restaurant you get the
5th one free.fixed ratiovariable ratiofixed intervalvariable interval - 48. Multiple Choice
For an individual to experience observational learning, he or she must
Be rewarded immediately after performing an action.
Imitate the behavior of a model.
Be rewarded for every third instance of a behavior.
Have other people observe and imitate one's own behavior.
- 49. Multiple Choice
Psychologist Albert Bandura is most closely associated with
Classical conditioning.
Operant conditioning.
Partial reinforcement.
Observational learning.
- 50. Multiple Choice
Observational learning is also known as
Immitation
Modelling
Experiential Learning
Stimulus-Response Approach
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