integrate viral DNA

destroy viral DNA

repair “sticky ends"

copy the bacterial genes

Bacteria

Yeast

Retrovirus

Bacteriophage

GGCATT

GAATTC

GCCATT

GGATCC

GGCATT

GCCATT

GAATTC

GGATCC

GGCATC

GGCCGG

GGGCCC

CCGCCC

G and C bond

Specific sequences

Palindromic sequences

Specific restriction sites

Most bacterium can produce more than one type of restriction enzyme

It cleaves DNA at a specific base sequence

It restricts the replication of foreign DNA in bacteria

It produces recombinant DNA in bacteria

have fused ends

form a circle

have specific sequences of nucleotides

have random sequences of nucleotides

it produces sticky ends

it is more efficient to anneal

it can be used at higher temperatures

it has many restriction sites

hydrogen bond between the nitrogenous base pair

phosphodiester bond between the deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group

glycosidic bond between the deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous base

covalent bond in the nitrogenous base

ionic bonds

covalent bonds

hydrogen bonds

phosphodiester bonds

Its action is specific

Can be used outside of the cell

Naturally present in most bacteria

Prevent viral infection

DNA polymerase

DNA ligase

Restriction enzymes

Restriction endonuclease

Endonuclease, transcriptase

Endonuclease, ligase

Polymerase, ligase

Transcriptase, ligase

DNA ligase

DNA polymerase

reverse transcriptase

restriction enzymes

Peptide bond

Hydrogen bond

Glycosidic bond

Phosphodiester bon

The sticky end of a DNA fragment

The enzyme that cuts DNA into restriction fragments

A DNA probe used to locate gene of interest

An agent used to transfer DNA into a living cell

Plasmid

Cosmic

YAC

Bacteriophage

sCOS1

pYAC

pUC18

 $\lambda$  2001

A vehicle for the insertion of recombinant DNA into bacteria

Recognition sites on recombinant DNA strands

Proviruses incorporated into the host DNA

Surfaces for protein synthesis in eukaryotic recombinants

Can accept foreign genes

Can replicate independently in bacteria

Has a circular shape

Can be cleaved by restriction enzymes

Insertion of foreign DNA into a cell

Synthesis of mRNA from a DNA molecule

Semiconservative replication shown by DNA

Synthesis of DNA molecule using mRNA template

Isolate recombinant DNA from bacteria

Identify bacteria with recombinant DNA

Identify cell with target DNA to be cut by the restriction enzyme

Identify bacteria with plasmid to be used as a vector

Examining the cells with an electron microscope

Using radioactive tracers to locate plasmids

Exposing the bacteria to an antibiotic that kills the cells lacking the plasmids

Producing antibodies specific for each bacterium containing a recombinant plasmids

Examining the cells with an electron microscope

Using radioactive tracers to locate plasmids

Exposing the bacteria to an antibiotic that kills the cells lacking the plasmids

Exposing the bacteria to an antibiotic with X-gal containing medium

Kills other pathogens

Helps in screening process

Produce vaccines for commercial purposes

Protects themselves from the environmental factors

human growth hormone

insulin

adenosine deaminase

thyroxin

Produce sheep clone

Produce agriculturally important plants and animals

Produce plants that have bacterial genes to destroy pathogenic insects

Produce microbes that secrete enzymes to overcome the problems of oil spoilage in the sea

Pseudomonas bacteria strain can breakdown hydrocarbons

Sheep that produce milk with human growth hormone

Rhizobium bacteria in root nodules that have / the ability to fix nitrogen

Plants that are resistant to glyphosate