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- 1. Multiple Choice
For a human zygote to become an embryo, it must undergo
fertilization
recombination
meiotic divisions
mitotic divisions
- 2. Multiple Choice
Many homeowners and businesses are installing solar electric systems. Greater use of solar electric systems benefi ts the environment because it
depends on the greater use of fossil fuels
conserves nonrenewable resources
produces gases that cause global warming
reduces the need for the ozone shield
- 3. Multiple Choice
A cell in the leaf of a corn plant contains more chloroplasts than a cell in the stem of a corn plant. Based on this observation, it can be inferred that, when compared to the cell in the stem, the cell in the leaf
synthesizes more sugar
has a higher chromosome count
produces fewer proteins
uses less carbon dioxide
- 4. Multiple Choice
When the human body is responding to stress, the hormone adrenaline is released. A short time later, the body returns to normal. This is an example of how a human
reacts to an antibody
develops genetic variation in body cells
maintains cellular organization
maintains dynamic equilibrium
- 5. Multiple Choice
A direct indication that the white blood cells of the body are functioning would be
an increase in the number of oxygen molecules in the lungs
a decrease in the number of pathogens in the body
a decreased secretion of hormones by certain glands
an increase of carbon dioxide in the cells of the body
- 6. Multiple Choice
A fully functioning enzyme molecule is arranged in a complex three-dimensional shape. This shape determines the
specific type of molecule it interacts with during a reaction
rate at which the enzyme breaks down during a reaction it regulates
pH of all body systems
temperature of the products of the reaction it regulates
- 7. Multiple Choice
A student received a fl u shot in the fall. During the fl u season, the student caught a cold. The most likely reason the vaccine he received did not prevent the cold was that
his illness was not caused by a pathogen
he did not get the vaccine at the right time of year
his body produced antibiotics in response to the vaccine
the vaccine he received contained only flu virus antigens
- 8. Multiple Choice
In August 2010, the Asian clam was discovered in Lake George. It is not native to that area. A single clam can reproduce and release hundreds of offspring in a day. Fish and crayfi sh eat the clams but cannot keep pace with the rate at which the clams reproduce. The introduction of the Asian clam into Lake George is
positive, because it adds to the stability of the ecosystem
positive, because the fi sh and crayfi sh would otherwise not have food
negative, because it decreases water pollution in the lake
negative, because it competes with native clam species and reduces stability
- 9. Multiple Choice
Like humans, animals including dogs and cats get goose bumps. On a cold day, these goose bumps cause their coats to expand creating a layer of insulation. If the animal is scared, the coat will also expand making the animal look larger to predators. These responses serve as examples of
allergic reactions
learned behaviors
detection and response to stimuli
reproductive and feeding success
- 10. Multiple Choice
Which factor is a major cause of the changes that occur during puberty, the years when the rate of human physical growth increases and reproductive maturity occurs?
changes in some hormone levels
an increase in meiosis in body cells
a decrease in the rate of metabolism
change in the gene sequences in reproductive cells
- 11. Multiple Choice
Which statement best describes how a new human trait develops and can be passed on to future generations?
A mutation in a stomach cell results in the inability of a woman to produce a certain digestive enzyme.
A mother consumes alcohol during pregnancy, causing the fetus to have a low birth weight.
During meiosis, a new combination of DNA subunits is formed.
During mitosis, DNA does not divide correctly and the cells die.
- 12. Multiple Choice
Survival of at least a few members of a population after a major environmental change is most dependent on
the population having an individual that is adapted to the original environment
the population having an individual that is adapted to great changes in the temperature in its environment
variations in many different traits in many individuals in the population
no variations in the color of the fur, skin, or feathers of the individuals in the population
- 13. Multiple Choice
A characteristic common to both diffusion and active transport is that
enzymes are required
oxygen is moved across a membrane
ATP is needed
the movement of molecules occurs
- 14. Multiple Choice
The theory of evolution states that
species that are extinct have no biological relationship to living species
different animal species always interbreed to form new and different species
species change over time, sometimes developing into new species
the environment of Earth is constant over time
- 15. Multiple Choice
Scientists in Brazil have developed specific fertilizers and special breeds of soybeans and corn so crops can grow on large areas of tropical lands. This is valuable because farmers can help to feed the growing human population and strengthen the economy. However, trade-offs must be considered because farming on tropical lands can also
add helpful microorganisms to the soil
remove oxygen from the atmosphere
reduce populations of native species
reduce mutations and disease in wildlife populations
- 16. Multiple Choice
The Mississippi River Delta wetlands ecosystem is home to a large number of fish, birds, and other aquatic organisms. During the last century, this ecosystem has seen a decrease in wetland areas and species diversity due to land development, agriculture, and flooding. Conservation groups have been working to reconnect the Mississippi River with its flood plain and restore lost wetlands. One result of restoring wetland areas in this ecosystem would be
an increase in abiotic factors that would cause organisms to develop new adaptations
the development of an ecosystem that will prevent invasive species from settling there
an increase in the carrying capacity of the ecosystem for wetland organisms
to prevent the organisms that live in this ecosystem from competing for food and shelter
- 17. Multiple Choice
The instructions for the genetic traits of an organism are directly determined by the
numbers of A, T, C, and G units in a sugar molecule
sequence of bases in DNA molecules
length of a DNA molecule
way the bases are paired in the two strands of a DNA molecule
- 18. Multiple Choice
Which statement best describes some protein molecules in a cell?
Proteins are long, folded chains that can form various cell parts.
Proteins are composed of four different starches that direct cell activity.
Proteins are long, twisted strands of glucose that regulate cells.
Proteins are genetically diverse substances that are synthesized in the nucleus.
- 19. Multiple Choice
Rafflesia arnoldii is a bright red and yellow flowering plant that has no leaves, roots, or stems. Rafflesia do not carry out photosynthesis. They take nutrients from the cells of grapevines. Rafflesia arnoldii is an example of a
producer
omnivore
carnivore
parasite
- 20. Multiple Choice
Female hammerhead sharks sometimes produce offspring by a type of asexual reproduction. These offspring
are a result of the uniting of a male and a female gamete
have cells that contain DNA found only in the female shark
are considered to be a different species from the male parent
have cells that contain genetic information from both parents
- 21. Multiple Choice
A tomato gene, known as the SIKLUH gene, has recently been discovered. The gene leads to the production of larger tomatoes. The gene affects fruit size by increasing cell layers and promoting extra cell divisions. In order to produce large fruit in other commercial plant species, scientists might
clone the genes of other types of plants until they develop larger fruits
breed the tomatoes with other fruits such as apples
insert the gene into other types of plants
stimulate the process of meiosis in the other plants
- 22. Multiple Choice
During the last century, human impacts on our planet have led to an increasing and alarming loss of biodiversity in rainforest ecosystems. Scientists estimate that current extinction rates exceed those of some prehistoric mass extinctions. This loss of biodiversity also means loss of genetic diversity and loss of ecosystems. What could be done to minimize this loss of biodiversity?
Introduce new species to rainforest ecosystems. (2) (3) (4)
Write and pass new environmental protection laws specific to rainforest ecosystems.
Build barriers around rainforest ecosystems to keep animals and plants contained.
Move all rainforest animals to new ecosystems where they will be safe.
- 23. Multiple Choice
Molecules in a certain medication attach to receptors on nerve cells. This prevents the normal chemical signal from binding to the receptor. One immediate result of taking this medication might be a disruption in the ability of
the body to produce reproductive cells
cells to communicate with each other
cells to synthesize proteins
the body to convert inorganic material into organic nutrients
- 24. Multiple Choice
The number of white-tailed deer in certain areas of Long Island, NY has increased significantly. Homeowners and farmers have put up tall fencing to protect their gardens and crops from the deer. One reason why the white tailed-deer might have increased significantly in certain areas of Long Island is
the lack of natural predators
an increase in deer pathogens
a shortage of biotic resources needed by the deer
that carrying capacity has no effect on deer populations
- 25. Multiple Choice
Researchers have discovered a chemical that sterilizes soil by killing all of the bacteria that are normally present. If this chemical were released in a forest ecosystem, the most likely result would be that
the food web would be disrupted because there would be little recycling of nutrients
fewer animals would suffer from disease such as cancer
there would be more energy available for insects and worms that live in the soil
the diversity of plants and animals present would increase
- 26. Multiple Choice
In order to be accepted, a scientific theory must be
widely tested and supported by extensive data
based on the results of a single experiment
controversial and cause debate
in line with all previous historical ideas
- 27. Multiple Choice
In an appropriately designed experiment, a scientist is able to test the effect of
a single variable
multiple variables
the hypothesis
scientific observations
- 28. Multiple Choice
Mutations cause many disorders in humans. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disorder that can be passed on from generation to generation. Skin cancer is a disorder that sometimes originates in skin cells as a result of overexposure to the Sun. Which statement best explains the formation of the mutations that cause both cystic fibrosis and skin cancer?
These mutations are a direct result of a change in the amino acid molecule that controls the formation of genetic codes in gametes.
These mutations are caused by a change in the sugars that make up the genetic codes in all cells.
Both of these mutations involve a change in the makeup of genes.
Both of these mutations are a result of the incorrect synthesis of the proteins that make up DNA.
- 29. Multiple Choice
A student collected data from an experiment on muscle fatigue. In order to interpret these data, the student should
ignore the data because they do not support their hypothesis
recalculate the data so that the numbers are easier to work with
share the data with a student who has none
organize the data into a table or graph
- 30. Multiple Choice
Paper chromatography is a method used in
comparing the shapes of plant leaves
separating mixtures of plant pigments
comparing habitats of different plants
separating individual DNA fragments of plants
- 31. Multiple Choice
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- 32. Multiple Choice
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- 35. Multiple Choice
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- 37. Multiple Choice
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- 38. Multiple Choice
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- 39. Multiple Choice
Molecules 1 and 2 are most likely
carbon dioxide and oxygen
carbon dioxide and water
nitrogen and oxygen
nitrogen and water
- 40. Multiple Choice
Molecules 1 and 2 enter the cell and glucose leaves the cell through the process of
respiration
digestion
active transport
diffusion
- 41. Multiple Choice
Which statement best describes a function of glucose in plant cells?
It is converted into solar energy in the chloroplasts.
It can be used directly as a building block in protein synthesis.
It can be used during the digestion of fats.
It is used during cellular respiration in the mitochondria.
- 42. Multiple Choice
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- 43. Multiple Choice
Based on this information and the graph provided, which crops are most at risk if honeybees continue to decline?
strawberries, peanuts, and grapes
almonds, apples, and blueberries
almonds, oranges, and soybeans
peaches, cotton, and grapes
- 44. Multiple Choice
Peach blossom pollinations could be at risk if there is a total loss of honeybee populations in areas where peaches are grown. Which action would be most likely to help peach growers stay in business and be able to produce good-sized crops of peaches?
Hire scientists to find a way to kill other pollinating insects in the area so there are more peach blossoms for the honeybees to pollinate.
Hire researchers to identify which other native insects are able to pollinate peach blossoms and find a way to increase their populations.
Encourage the peach growers to plant other kinds of fruit instead of peaches.
Genetically engineer peach trees to be able to reproduce without producing any fruit (peaches) or seeds.
- 45. Multiple Choice
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- 46. Multiple Choice
Which structure is responsible for the synthesis of ATP?
A
B
C
D
- 47. Multiple Choice
Based on the investigation, the student should conclude that enzymes
function best within a specific range of conditions
function best when observed in living cells
are not affected by changes in environmental factors
are easily broken down by hydrogen peroxide
- 48. Multiple Choice
Which inference best explains these differences?
The coastal snakes have been selectively bred for slug-eating behavior.
Genetic manipulation has enabled the coastal snakes to recognize slugs as prey.
The coastal snakes evolved a new organ so that they could recognize and feed on slugs.
An adaptation enabled coastal snakes to use slugs as food source.
- 49. Multiple Choice
The different beak structures observed in the diagram are evidence of
different species of finches adapting to different environments over many generations
finches changing their beak characteristics so that they could feed efficiently
finch species with different beak structures coming to the Galapagos Islands from the mainland
finches mating with birds of other species and acquiring some of their traits
- 50. Multiple Choice
If a sudden genetic mutation in the birds that feed on these frogs made them able to consume any amount of the poison with no harm to them, it is most likely that
the frogs that are least poisonous and less conspicuous now would survive better than those that have more poison
the frogs that are most poisonous would continue to survive and be protected by the poison they contain
without the protection of the poison, all of the frogs would need to change color to become less conspicuous
the birds would find another source of food that does not contain any poison
- 51. Multiple Choice
If a starch-digesting enzyme were added to a sports gel that lists starch as an ingredient, which substance would increase in concentration?
fat
glucose
amino acids
water
- 52. Multiple Choice
The students want to improve the validity of their conclusion. The best way to accomplish this is to
change the hypothesis
repeat the investigation several times
increase the number of variables
increase the height of participants in each group
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