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- 1. Multiple Choice
The illustrations above represent homologous pairs of chromosomes as they might appear in various stages of mitosis and meiosis (2n = 2). At which stage do the chromosomes have the LEAST amount of DNA per cell?
A
B
C
D
E
- 2. Multiple Choice
Refer to the graph, which illustrates the amount of DNA found in a cell during the cell cycle. Which phase of the cell cycle represents DNA replication?
A
B
C
D
- 3. Multiple Choice
Mitosis without cytokinesis will result in
Two cells, each with two nuclei
One cell with two nuclei
One cell with one nucleus
Two cells with two chromosomes
- 4. Multiple Choice
Which of the following occurs during mitosis but not during meiosis I?
The chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus.
The chromatids of each chromosome are separated.
Both synapsis and crossing-over take place.
The diploid number of chromosomes is reduced to the haploid number.
- 5. Multiple Choice
A researcher examining a root tip observes a plant cell with condensed sister chromatids, kinetochores with attached microtubules, and individual chromosomes that are aligned at the equatorial plate of the cell. Which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell?
Homologous chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
The nuclear envelope will break down, and the spindle will begin to form.
The chromatin will decondense, and the daughter cell will enter interphase.
- 6. Multiple Choice
The process depicted in the image above is best summarized by which of the following descriptions?
During the synthesis phase of the cell cycle, DNA molecules replicate to generate identical daughter cells.
Centromeres align specific gene sequences of homologous chromosomes during mitotic divisions
The spindle apparatus attaches at chiasma during metaphase of mitosis.
During meiosis, crossing over leads to recombination of alleles between homologous chromosomes.
- 7. Multiple Choice
In a transformation experiment, a sample of E. coli bacteria was mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin (ampr). Plasmid was not added to a second sample. Samples were plated on nutrient agar plates, some of which were supplemented with the antibiotic ampicillin. The results of E. coli growth are summarized above. The shaded area represents extensive growth of bacteria; dots represent individual colonies of bacteria.
Plates that have only ampicillin-resistant bacteria
growing include which of the following?
I only
III only
IV only
I and II
- 8. Multiple Choice
In a transformation experiment, a sample of E. coli bacteria was mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin (ampr). Plasmid was not added to a second sample. Samples were plated on nutrient agar plates, some of which were supplemented with the antibiotic ampicillin. The results of E. coli growth are summarized above. The shaded area represents extensive growth of bacteria; dots represent individual colonies of bacteria.
Which of the following best explains why there is no growth on plate II?
The initial E. coli culture was not ampicillin resistant.
The transformation procedure killed the bacteria.
Nutrient agar inhibits E. coli grow
The bacteria on the plate were transformed.
- 9. Multiple Choice
In a transformation experiment, a sample of E. coli bacteria was mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin (ampr). Plasmid was not added to a second sample. Samples were plated on nutrient agar plates, some of which were supplemented with the antibiotic ampicillin. The results of E. coli growth are summarized above. The shaded area represents extensive growth of bacteria; dots represent individual colonies of bacteria.
Plates I and III were included in the experimental
design in order to
demonstrate that the E. coli cultures were viable.
demonstrate that the plasmid can lose its ampr gene.
demonstrate that the plasmid is needed for E. coli growth.
prepare the E. coli for transformation.
- 10. Multiple Choice
In a transformation experiment, a sample of E. coli bacteria was mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin (ampr). Plasmid was not added to a second sample. Samples were plated on nutrient agar plates, some of which were supplemented with the antibiotic ampicillin. The results of E. coli growth are summarized above. The shaded area represents extensive growth of bacteria; dots represent individual colonies of bacteria.
Which of the following statements best explains why there are fewer colonies on plate IV than on plate III?
Plate IV is the positive control.
Not all E. coli cells are successfully transformed.
The bacteria on plate III did not mutate.
The plasmid inhibits E. coli growth.
- 11. Multiple Choice
In a transformation experiment, a sample of E. coli bacteria was mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin (ampr). Plasmid was not added to a second sample. Samples were plated on nutrient agar plates, some of which were supplemented with the antibiotic ampicillin. The results of E. coli growth are summarized above. The shaded area represents extensive growth of bacteria; dots represent individual colonies of bacteria.
In a second experiment, the plasmid contained the gene for human insulin as well as the ampr gene. Which of the following plates would have the highest percentage of bacteria that are expected to produce insulin?
I only
III only
IV only
I and III
- 12. Multiple Choice
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be a serious threat to human health. There is evidence that S. aureus infections are common in hospitals and that MRSA have become resistant to other antibiotics besides methicillin. This suggests that the rapid evolution of resistance in the bacteria poses a serious public-health challenge. Which of the following best explains the ability of MRSA to evade existing drug therapies?
MRSA have very long generation times and very large population sizes.
MRSA develop new alleles by intentionally introducing specific mutations that will give them a selective advantage over other bacteria.
MRSA metabolize many drugs in their lysosomes and therefore evolve resistance at a higher rate.
MRSA exchange genetic material with other antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which can spread resistance in the S. aureus population.
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