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- 1. Multiple Choice
A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation
informed consent
protection from harm
confidentiality
debriefing
- 2. Multiple Choice
To graphically represent the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a
standard deviation.
scatterplot.
skewed distribution.
bar graph.
- 3. Multiple Choice
Professor Teruya noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the
test was given to a very small class of students.
mean test score was lower than the median score.
students' scores tended to be very similar to one another.
students generally performed very well on the test.
- 4. Multiple Choice
In the hypothesis “Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep,” what is the dependent variable?
number of terms remembered
students
time of day
list of terms
- 5. Multiple Choice
Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of
naturalistic observation.
random sampling.
replication.
the double-blind procedure.
- 6. Multiple Choice
If a result is statistically significant, this means that the
results of the test are positively correlated with another factor.
there is less than a 5 percent likelihood that the results occurred by chance.
scores were 1 standard deviation from the mean.
participants received scores above the 50 percentile.
- 7. Multiple Choice
If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are
positively correlated.
negatively correlated.
causally related.
independent variables.
- 8. Multiple Choice
Which of the following is true for those assigned to the experimental group in an experiment?
The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior.
The experimental group does not receive the experimental treatment
The experimental group receives the experimental treatment
The operational definition is not applied to their variables.
- 9. Multiple Choice
When the observed difference between the means of an experimental group and control group are not likely due to chance, researchers conclude that this difference is
positively correlated.
statistically significant.
reliable.
experimentally empirical.
- 10. Multiple Choice
Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?
+0.12
+.75
–0.99
–0.50
- 11. Multiple Choice
Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest degree of relationship between two variables?
–0.12
-1.00
–0.50
+0.25
- 12. Multiple Choice
In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n)
independent variable.
dependent variable.
representative sample.
population.
- 13. Multiple Choice
A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n)
standard deviation.
operational definition.
replication.
control condition.
- 14. Multiple Choice
Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?
the survey
experimentation
the case study
naturalistic observation
- 15. Multiple Choice
Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to distinguish between
facts and theories.
hypotheses and operational definitions.
causes and effects.
random samples and representative samples.
- 16. Multiple Choice
The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n)
control condition.
independent variable.
case study.
population.
- 17. Multiple Choice
Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?
The experimental treatment is absent.
The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior.
The operational definition is not applied to their variables.
The research participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments.
- 18. Multiple Choice
The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it
is based on naturalistic
observation.
relies mostly on correlational rather than causational evidence.
may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.
overestimates the importance of operational definitions.
- 19. Multiple Choice
To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. To reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of
random assignment.
the double-blind procedure.
naturalistic observations.
replication.
- 20. Multiple Choice
In a distribution of test scores, which measure of central tendency would likely be the most affected by a couple of extremely high scores?
median
range
mode
mean
- 21. Multiple Choice
In the hypothesis “Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep,” what is the independent variable?
list of terms
time of day
number of terms remembered
students
- 22. Multiple Choice
Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?
random assignment
correlation
replication
random sampling
- 23. Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements is most correct about the relationship between correlation and causation?
Both correlations and causations need to be proven with experimental data.
Correlation indicates the possibility of a causal relationship, but it does not prove causation.
If one variable is strongly positively correlated with another variable, the relationship is causal.
if one variable is strongly negatively correlated with another variable, the relationship is not causal.
- 24. Multiple Choice
What technique do researchers use to reduce the impact of confounding variables?
naturalistic observation
hindsight bias
random assignment
measures of central tendency
- 25. Multiple Choice
To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the school yard. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?
the survey
naturalistic observation
experimentation
the case study
- 26. Multiple Choice
Why are researchers so careful about drawing conclusions regarding statistical significance?
Statistical significance determines which research method should be used for a hypothesis.
They want to make sure an observed difference isn't due to chance.
Statistical significance determines which research method should be used for a hypothesis.
Statistical significance is used in case studies, not experiments, so researchers do not have a control group to rely on.
- 27. Multiple Choice
Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________.
correlational studies; case studies
surveys; experiments
replication; correlation
illusory correlation; control group
- 28. Multiple Choice
If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children is +0.85, this would indicate that
there is very little statistical relationship between weight and reading ability among children.
low body weight has a negative effect on the reading abilities of children.
better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among children.
body weight has no causal influence on the reading abilities of children.
- 29. Multiple Choice
An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates
an operational definition.
the dependent variable.
the independent variable.
the double-blind procedure.
- 30. Multiple Choice
In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a
dependent variable.
independent variable.
placebo.
random sample.
- 31. Multiple Choice
A correlation coefficient is a measure of the
difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
average squared deviation of scores from a sample mean.
statistical significance of a difference between two sample means.
direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.
- 32. Multiple Choice
If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are
negatively correlated.
positively correlated.
independent variables.
dependent variables.
- 33. Multiple Choice
Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation?
control group, random sampling, random assignment
volunteer participants only, no deception, incentives for participation
effect size, statistical significance, measures of central tendency, variation
informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing
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