. . . The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense . . . will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the . . . area. . . .

Which of the following claims is supported by the document above?

Base your answer on the passage below.

When I was young, the Chairman promised us all food. He promised that we would never go hungry again or be without work; my family was led to a village where we became members of a production team. We worked hard, long hours but we were fed every day. The commune prospered at first, but soon people did not meet their quotas and we did not increase our production. We all received the same amount of rice; it didn't matter how much work we did. With the new Chairman, things are different in our village. The government has given us plots of land to work as our own, though I still put in time as a commune worker. We can now keep the amount we produce above the quota set by the government. This has made most of us work harder and the government quotas are being met for the first time.

––Conversations with a Farmworker (1986)

The farmworker's description of life when he was young in this passage most clearly shows the influence of which of the following?

Base your answer on the quote below.

"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I might call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence, but to very high, and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow."

–Winston Churchill

Based on this quote, Winston Churchill would most likely support which of the following developments?

"A wind has been blowing from the West; now it will begin to blow from the East." —Mao Zedong, 1949

Which later development created an obstacle to the main idea of this quote?

"A wind has been blowing from the West; now it will begin to blow from the East." —Mao Zedong, 1949

The main idea of this quote most directly influenced Mao Zedong to call for which of the following?

"The Soviet people want a clear perspective . . . unconditional democracy . . . Glasnost in all things, big and small . . . respect for hard work . . . and faithful service for the cause and the good of society."

Which leader would most likely have made this statement?

. . . I mention all these details, which I remember so clearly, in order [to] give a sense of the shock that we suffered when The Wall came upon us one night. There we were in Berlin, at the crossroads between East and West, at the juncture of two fundamentally different cultures, and suddenly we were locked up like canaries in a cage. Literally from one day to the next, from being a vibrant and cultured city, Berlin subsided into the drowsy torpor [dullness] of a midsummer afternoon in the provinces. We were imprisoned in a dull, flat country .... - Jens Reich, "Reflections on becoming an East German dissident, on losing the Wall and a country," in Gwyn Prins, ed., Spring in Winter: The 1989 Revolutions

The historical event reflected in this passage symbolized the ideological tensions between

. . . I mention all these details, which I remember so clearly, in order [to] give a sense of the shock that we suffered when The Wall came upon us one night. There we were in Berlin, at the crossroads between East and West, at the juncture of two fundamentally different cultures, and suddenly we were locked up like canaries in a cage. Literally from one day to the next, from being a vibrant and cultured city, Berlin subsided into the drowsy torpor [dullness] of a midsummer afternoon in the provinces. We were imprisoned in a dull, flat country .... - Jens Reich, "Reflections on becoming an East German dissident, on losing the Wall and a country," in Gwyn Prins, ed., Spring in Winter: The 1989 Revolutions

Which historical event is directly reflected in the passage?

"The Soviet people want a clear perspective . . . unconditional democracy . . . Glasnost in all things, big and small . . . respect for hard work . . . and faithful service for the cause and the good of society"

Based on this statement, what is the author's point of view?

"...The Nazi Holocaust, which engulfed millions of Jews in Europe, proved anew the urgency of the reestablishment of the Jewish state, which would solve the problem of Jewish homelessness by opening the gates to all Jews and lifting the Jewish people to equality in the family of nations..."

The events described in this passage contributed most directly to which of the following?

"...The Nazi Holocaust, which engulfed millions of Jews in Europe, proved anew the urgency of the reestablishment of the Jewish state, which would solve the problem of Jewish homelessness by opening the gates to all Jews and lifting the Jewish people to equality in the family of nations..."

This passage is expressing support for which of the following?

" ...In order to obtain Arab support in the War, the British Government promised the Sherif of Mecca in 1915 that, in the event of an Allied victory, the greater part of the Arab provinces of the Turkish Empire would become independent. The Arabs understood that Palestine would be included in the sphere of independence. In order to obtain the support of World Jewry, the British Government in 1917 issued the Balfour Declaration. The Jews understood that, if the experiment of establishing a Jewish National Home succeeded and a sufficient number of Jews went to Palestine, the National Home might develop in course of time into a Jewish State." — Summary of the Report of the Palestine Royal Commission, 1937

Which later development was encouraged by the Balfour Declaration described in this passage?

"...In order to obtain Arab support in the War, the British Government promised the Sherif of Mecca in 1915 that, in the event of an Allied victory, the greater part of the Arab provinces of the Turkish Empire would become independent. The Arabs understood that Palestine would be included in the sphere of independence. In order to obtain the support of World Jewry, the British Government in 1917 issued the Balfour Declaration. The Jews understood that, if the experiment of establishing a Jewish National Home succeeded and a sufficient number of Jews went to Palestine, the National Home might develop in course of time into a Jewish State." — Summary of the Report of the Palestine Royal Commission, 1937

The events described in this passage contributed most directly to which of the following?

"...In order to obtain Arab support in the War, the British Government promised the Sherif of Mecca in 1915 that, in the event of an Allied victory, the greater part of the Arab provinces of the Turkish Empire would become independent. The Arabs understood that Palestine would be included in the sphere of independence. In order to obtain the support of World Jewry, the British Government in 1917 issued the Balfour Declaration. The Jews understood that, if the experiment of establishing a Jewish National Home succeeded and a sufficient number of Jews went to Palestine, the National Home might develop in course of time into a Jewish State." — Summary of the Report of the Palestine Royal Commission, 1937

Based on this passage, Great Britain attempted to gain both Arab and Jewish support by appealing to which of the following principles among both groups?

...Indeed whilst on the one hand civil

disobedience authorizes disobedience of unjust

laws or unmoral laws of a state which one seeks

to overthrow, it requires meek and willing

submission to the penalty of disobedience and

therefore cheerful acceptance of the jail discipline

and its attendant hardships...

-- Mohandas Gandhi

Which claim is best supported by this quote?

...Indeed whilst on the one hand civil disobedience authorizes disobedience of unjust laws or unmoral laws of a state which one seeks to overthrow, it requires meek and willing submission to the penalty of disobedience and therefore cheerful acceptance of the jail discipline and its attendant hardships... -- Mohandas Gandhi

The point of view expressed by Gandhi in this quote contributed most directly to which of the following developments?

"Indian National Congress Refuses To Support British War Effort"

"Indians Answer Call for the Production of Homespun Cloth"

"Indians Call for Boycott of Imported British Cloth"

Which claim is supported by these headlines?

"Indian National Congress Refuses To Support British War Effort"

"Indians Answer Call for the Production of Homespun Cloth"

"Indians Call for Boycott of Imported British Cloth"

Which leader is most likely to be associated with these headlines?

"Rhodesia Becomes Zimbabwe"

"Gold Coast Becomes Ghana"

A historian could best use these headlines to study which of the following?

"Rhodesia Becomes Zimbabwe"

"Gold Coast Becomes Ghana"

Which claim is best supported by these headlines?