Lines 9-11 ("Whatever...up")

Lines 11-17 ("A gush...broken")

Lines 21-22 ("Columbia...Chicago")

Lines 25-28 ("She gazed...be")

disguises

ignores

adopts

supposes

ignorance

worldliness

ambition

bravery

Lines 7-9 ("She was...youth)

Lines 25-28 ("She gazed...be")

Lines 44-46 ("Self-interest...characteristic")

Lines 48-51 ("possessed...emigrant")

illustrate early public perceptions of virtual reality.

provide examples of art that accurately predicted future technological developments

introduce the author's claim that movies were an important precursor to virtual reality.

The suggests that digital technology has surpassed early attempts to simulate alternate realities

biased

dimmed

hidden

unclear

more popular in films and entertainment

more fundamentally a part of people's everyday lives

less popular as an area of study among academics and theorists

less interestin in light of other significant technological developments

Lines 8-12 ("This...world")

Lines 19-22 ("Instead...meaning")

Lines 34-37 ("Steve...Gibson")

Lines 70-71 ("Jones...real")

distinguished

damaged

noted

invented

describing familiar movie scenes that shows its relevance in daily American life

including a quotation by William Gibson, the science-fiction writer who coined the term

providing several abstract examples from different scholars' research.

presenting one scholar's explanation of the phenomenon

Lines 5-8 ("While...anxieties")

Lines 37-41 ("Jones...world")

Lines 68-69 ("As Jones...distributed")

Lines 77-82 ("He...fiction")

Far more people were projected to use smartphones and social-networking platforms in 2013 than in 2005

The number of people who owned cell phones more than tripled between 2005 and 2013

The number of people using the internet and mobile-cellular devices from 2005 to 2013 represented an increasing share of the population

The projected number of mobile-cellular subscriptions in 2013 was almost 7 billion

Growth in internet usage was projected to be tremendously out of proportion to growth in previous years.

The number of internet users was projected to begin a downward trend

The number of internet users was projected to remain stable

The number of internet users was projected to reach nearly 3 billion for the first time.

an experienced breeder of hummingbirds.

concerned about the impact of high-sugar diets on various subjects

a well-versed in research on metabolic processes

a dietician advocating for improved public health.

nourished

continued

withstood

As strengthened

Hummingbirds obtain more energy from burning fructose than from burning glucose

Hummingbirds need to draw energy from whichever source they can find to meet their high-energy demands

Fructose is readily available in the flower nectar that hummingbirds consume

Fructose contains nearly 13C atoms that foster metabolic efficiency in hummingbirds

Lines 19-21

Lines 42-44

Lines 44-47

Lines 52-54

combine

balance

neutralize

discount

explore how different types of sugar affect hummingbirds' ability to expend energy

prove that hummingbirds consume energy at more than ten times the rate of most active humans

determine the rate at which hummingbirds consume sucrose, glucose, and fructose

Lines 23-26

Lines 27-31

Lines 31-34

Lines 60-63

Humans use more energy per day than any other animal represented in the graph

Canaries use significantly less energy per day than any other animal represented in the graph

There is little variation in the rate at which different animals use energy

Humans use energy at a rate closer to that of elephants than to that of cats, rats, or canaries

An opinion about colonization is stated and specific examples of its significance are provided.

A historical event is described and its consequences are outlined

A claim about history is made, and a qualification is introduced and elaborated upon

A historical dilemma is described, key figures are identified, and a solution is proposed.

restrained

ensured

paid for

examined

restricted eligibility requirements

overseen by a diverse group of public officials

more widely accessible in the South than in the North

a catalyst for the American Revolution

Lines 16-18

Lines 20-23

Lines 26-29

Lines 31-34

held up as a justification for the war

an ideal that required additional laws to enforce

only one of several competing systems adopted by the different states

the organizing principle of the new nation

spoken

declared

verbalized

accented

It is controlled by aristocracy but supported by other classes of people.

It has served as an example for other republics throughout the world.

It provided the original motivation for the founding of the British colonies.

Its guiding principle is the political empowerment of the general population

Lines 9-11

Lines 54-57

Lines 64-66

Lines 74-78

sickly

ill-suited

disposable

indecent

lack of interest among zoos

endearing appearance of pandas

public's opposition to environmental protection

rate at which pandas reproduce

Lines 5-7

Lines 12-14

Lines 14-15

Lines 18-20

overrated and unnecessary

critical and successful

limited and underappreciated

disproportionate and ineffective

Lines 31-35

Lines 46-48

Lines 53-56

Lines 62-65

motion

trend

campaign

progress

provide examples of species that are unaffected by human activity

illustrate an important distinction between mammals and invertebrates

cite less charismatic animals that do not receive sufficient conservation attention

explain the ecological importance of invertebrates

Passage 2 provides concrete evidence for an abstract argument made in passage 1

Passage 2 disputes the overall benefits of an effort passage 1 supports

Passage 2 criticizes the morality of a recommendation that passage defends

Passage questions the motives the panda conservatives presented in passage

With agreement because it illustrates the misplaced priorities of many conservation efforts

with resignation, because it suggests that pandas are unlikely to be saved even with changes in conservation spending

with sympathy, because pandas are one of the most vulnerable endangered species

WIth approval, because efforts to preserve other species should also consider their effect on the surrounding human communities