6. Supply and demand are two important factors that influence the market. Supply means the amount of a specific product or service available. Demand refers to the amount of that product or service consumers want to purchase. Both of these factors influence the price of goods. For example, if there is a large supply of a product which few people want to buy, the price of that product will go down. As the price goes down, demand usually increases. Eventually, a balance between the two factors is reached and the optimal price for that product or service is determined. At that point, the supply and demand have reached equilibrium.

Q. Based on the passage, what does equilibrium mean?

Q.In 1620 the Mayflower Compact was signed by Pilgrims while they were still aboard the Mayflower. Who were the Pilgrims?

The Mayflower Compact

“In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, defender of the Faith, etc. Having undertaken, for the Glory of God, and advancements of the Christian faith and honor of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents, solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God, and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic; for our better ordering, and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.

In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the 11th of November, in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth, 1620.”

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower_Compact

Based on the document, how did New Jersey in the 18th century differ from the federal government in its practice of separation of powers?

Separation of Powers in the US Constitution

Some US states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government “separate and distinct.”

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitut

According to the passage, the Bill of Rights, passed in 1689, altered the English government from a limited monarchy to what?

History of Democracy

The Parliament of England had its roots in the restrictions on the power of kings written into Magna Carta (1215), which explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects and implicitly supported what became the English writ of habeas corpus, safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with right to appeal. The first representative national assembly in England was Simon de Montfort's Parliament in 1265. The emergence of petitioning is some of the earliest evidence of parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people. However, the power to call parliament remained at the pleasure of the monarch.

During the early modern period, the power of the Parliament of England continually increased. Passage of the Petition of Right in 1628 and Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 established certain liberties and remain in effect. The idea of a political party took form with groups freely debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647. After the English Civil Wars (1642–1651) and the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the Bill of Rights was enacted in 1689, which codified certain rights and liberties, and is still in effect. The Bill set out the requirement for regular elections, rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch, ensuring that, unlike much of Europe at the time, royal absolutism would not prevail.

According to the passage, the Bill of Rights, passed in 1689, altered the English government from a limited monarchy to what?

History of Democracy

The Parliament of England had its roots in the restrictions on the power of kings written into Magna Carta (1215), which explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects and implicitly supported what became the English writ of habeas corpus, safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with right to appeal. The first representative national assembly in England was Simon de Montfort's Parliament in 1265. The emergence of petitioning is some of the earliest evidence of parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people. However, the power to call parliament remained at the pleasure of the monarch.

During the early modern period, the power of the Parliament of England continually increased. Passage of the Petition of Right in 1628 and Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 established certain liberties and remain in effect. The idea of a political party took form with groups freely debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647. After the English Civil Wars (1642–1651) and the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the Bill of Rights was enacted in 1689, which codified certain rights and liberties, and is still in effect. The Bill set out the requirement for regular elections, rules for freedom of speech in Parliament and limited the power of the monarch, ensuring that, unlike much of Europe at the time, royal absolutism would not prevail.

Why is it important that the salaries (“compensation”) of judges not be diminished during their time in office?

Designation of Powers

“All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.”

“The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term . . .”

“The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.”

Which of the following is the correct order of events?

Bill of Rights: 1789-91

When the Constitution was ratified in 1788, people were concerned that it did not protect some basic rights. They thought that the Constitution should be changed to protect these rights. On December 15, 1791, 10 amendments were officially added to the Constitution. These first 10 amendments guarantee certain freedoms and rights; together they are referred to as the Bill of Rights.

Some of the most basic freedoms and rights that we think of today in the United States were included. Debates about freedom of speech, gun rights, privacy rights, states’ rights, and many others are directly related to these original rights. Knowing about the Bill of Rights helps in understanding present-day issues.

These are some of the key ideas in those amendments; compare those ideas with the actual text of each amendment:

First Amendment (Amendment I): freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly.

"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."

Second Amendment (Amendment II): the right of the people to keep and bear arms.

"A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."

Third Amendment (Amendment III): restriction of housing soldiers in private homes.

"No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law."

Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV): protects against unreasonable search and seizure.

"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."

Fifth Amendment (Amendment V): protects against self-testimony, being tried twice for the same crime, and the seizure of property under eminent domain.

"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation."

Sixth Amendment (Amendment VI): the rights to a speedy trial, trial by jury, and to the services of a lawyer.

"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence."

Seventh Amendment (Amendment VII): guarantees trial by jury in cases involving a certain dollar amount.

"In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law."

Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII): prohibits excessive bail or fines, and cruel and unusual punishment for crimes.

"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."

Ninth Amendment (Amendment IX): the listing of rights (in the Bill of Rights) does not mean that other rights are not in effect.

"The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people."

Tenth Amendment (Amendment X): power not granted to the Federal Government is reserved for states or individual people.

"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.“

Read the passage and answers the questions.

“It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each.”

Q. This ruling is an example of which of the following concepts?

The following excerpt is from Federalist 46 written by James Madison in 1788:

“The federal and State governments are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers, and designed for different purposes… the powers proposed to be lodged in the federal government are as little formidable to those reserved to the individual States, as they are indispensably necessary to accomplish the purposes of the Union.”

Q.The above excerpt is an example of which of the following concepts?

The following excerpt is from Federalist 46 written by James Madison in 1788:

“The federal and State governments are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers, and designed for different purposes… the powers proposed to be lodged in the federal government are as little formidable to those reserved to the individual States, as they are indispensably necessary to accomplish the purposes of the Union.”

Q.The above excerpt is an example of which of the following concepts?

The following excerpt is from Federalist 46 written by James Madison in 1788:

“The federal and State governments are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers, and designed for different purposes… the powers proposed to be lodged in the federal government are as little formidable to those reserved to the individual States, as they are indispensably necessary to accomplish the purposes of the Union.”

Q.The above excerpt is an example of which of the following concepts?

If the economy were in recession, we would expect

The Constitution of the United States of America is an amazingly complex document to amend, or change. There have been over 11,539 proposals to amend the Constitution between 1789 and January 2, 2013; that is well over 200 years. However, of that amount, only 27 have been ratified, or accepted. What happened to all of the other proposals, you may ask? Well, they all failed to become new amendments. The first ten amendments of the constitution are referred to as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights is designed to outline basic protections guaranteed to all citizens of the United States of America. For a change to be made to the Constitution of the United States, the vast majority of states (threefourths) must agree, as well as two-thirds of Congress. Congress is often referred to as the “First Branch” of the federal government. The Congress of the United States is made up of representatives from the Senate, as well as the House of Representatives.

Under the Constitution, Congress is responsible for organizing the other two branches of the federal government--- the Executive Branch and the Judicial Branch. Congress is also in charge of raising money, declaring war on another country, and making new laws to effectively carry out their responsibilities as the “First Branch” of the federal government. The president (leader of the Executive Branch) is allowed to veto specific legislative acts, thus preventing them from becoming laws. However, Congress may override a presidential veto by a two-thirds majority vote of both the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Framers, or creators, of the constitution designed the government to work in the manner in which it is currently working. The Framers wanted to make sure that no arm, or branch, of the federal government had total control of government.

2. What differentiates an amendment from the Bill of Rights?

The Constitution of the United States of America is an amazingly complex document to amend, or change. There have been over 11,539 proposals to amend the Constitution between 1789 and January 2, 2013; that is well over 200 years. However, of that amount, only 27 have been ratified, or accepted. What happened to all of the other proposals, you may ask? Well, they all failed to become new amendments. The first ten amendments of the constitution are referred to as the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights is designed to outline basic protections guaranteed to all citizens of the United States of America. For a change to be made to the Constitution of the United States, the vast majority of states (threefourths) must agree, as well as two-thirds of Congress. Congress is often referred to as the “First Branch” of the federal government. The Congress of the United States is made up of representatives from the Senate, as well as the House of Representatives.

Under the Constitution, Congress is responsible for organizing the other two branches of the federal government--- the Executive Branch and the Judicial Branch. Congress is also in charge of raising money, declaring war on another country, and making new laws to effectively carry out their responsibilities as the “First Branch” of the federal government. The president (leader of the Executive Branch) is allowed to veto specific legislative acts, thus preventing them from becoming laws. However, Congress may override a presidential veto by a two-thirds majority vote of both the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Framers, or creators, of the constitution designed the government to work in the manner in which it is currently working. The Framers wanted to make sure that no arm, or branch, of the federal government had total control of government.

2. What differentiates an amendment from the Bill of Rights?

This excerpt is the 5th Amendment from the Bill of Rights.

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Q. This Amendment provides all of these rights EXCEPT:

Read the passage and choose the answers to each statement.

Democracy means that the people rule themselves. The greater the voice of the people, the more democratic the system. In a true democracy, all people have a voice in the government. However, systems of government can be democratic in different ways.

Before the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1776, the thirteen British colonies were governed in three basic ways: as royal colonies, as proprietary colonies, or as self- governing colonies. Each of these systems applied democratic principles differently.

Nine of the colonies were royal colonies. In Royal Colonies, the King of England appointed the governor. In proprietary colonies, the proprietor or owner, of the colony selected the governor. Maryland and Pennsylvania were proprietary colonies. Connecticut and Rhode Island were self-governing. In self-governing colonies, the colonists themselves elected the governor and all members of the legislature. Colonial legislatures had two sections or houses. In most proprietary and royal colonies, the colonist’s elected the members of one house. The proprietor or the King appointed the other house. In Pennsylvania, however, the colonists elected both houses of the legislature.

Q. According to the information in the passage which of the following colonies was the most democratic in 1776?

Read the passage and choose the answer.

On his second trip to the Americas in 1493, Columbus stopped by the Canary Islands and picked up some sugar cane cuttings. He planted them on Hispaniola, and they thrived. In 1516, the first sugar grown in the New World was presented to King Carlos I of Spain. By 1531, it was as commercially important to the Spanish colonial economy as gold. Planters soon discovered a by-product as well. The juice left over after the sugar was pressed out of the cane and crystallized was called melasas by the Spanish (and molasses by the English). Mixing this juice with water and leaving it out in the sun created a potent and tasty fermented drink. They called it rum — perhaps after the word for sugar cane, saccharum office in a rum. The stuff was great for long sea voyages because it didn’t go bad. Sugar and rum became so popular that sugar plantations mushroomed all over the Caribbean.

What is molasses?

Read the passage and choose the answers to each statement.

The original plan for governing the new United States was based on a loose alliance of the thirteen former colonies. The document, called the articles of Confederation, gave each state the power to govern within its borders. To pass a federal bill into law that applied to all the states required 9 and 13 states approve it.

Under the system, many conflicts arose among the states. Since enforcement of laws was left to the states, those states that did not agree with federal laws simply ignored them.

In the late 1780s, American leaders worked on a new plan for government called the U.S Constitution. The U.S constitution established a much stronger three branch system of federal government. The legislative branch made the laws, the executive branch enforced the laws, and the judicial branch interpreted the meaning of the laws.

Which statement best summarizes this passage?

Read the passage and choose the answers to each statement.

Democracy means that the people rule themselves. The greater the voice of the people, the more democratic the system. In a true democracy, all people have a voice in the government. However, systems of government can be democratic in different ways.

Before the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1776, the thirteen British colonies were governed in three basic ways: as royal colonies, as proprietary colonies, or as self- governing colonies. Each of these systems applied democratic principles differently.

Nine of the colonies were royal colonies. In Royal Colonies, the King of England appointed the governor. In proprietary colonies, the proprietor or owner, of the colony selected the governor. Maryland and Pennsylvania were proprietary colonies. Connecticut and Rhode Island were self-governing. In self-governing colonies, the colonists themselves elected the governor and all members of the legislature. Colonial legislatures had two sections or houses. In most proprietary and royal colonies, the colonist’s elected the members of one house. The proprietor or the King appointed the other house. In Pennsylvania, however, the colonists elected both houses of the legislature.

Which of the following titles best expresses the main idea of this passage?

Refer to Graph 4-5. According to the graph, at a price of $7,

Read the passage and choose the answer

The following is an excerpt from the Declaration of Independence, written in 1776:

“When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”

Q. The above passage incorporates which of the following concepts?

What did the Declaration of Independence do?