east of the Apennines on the Italian Peninsula

on the island of Sicily

in the Alps in northern Italy

on the west coast of the Italian Peninsula

Roman gods

Romulus and Remus

Aeneas and the Etruscans

Cicero and Cincinnatus

the long epic poem

the grid system for city streets

stone houses

metalworking

executive

judicial

patrician

legislative

The plebeians were allowed to elect their own representatives.

The patricians allowed women the right to vote.

Slaves were allowed to own property.

The plebeians took over the Senate.

Girls had to get married at a young age.

Romans were always fighting with foreigners.

There were no laws to protect children.

Girls had to do what their fathers and brothers told them to do.

They lived and worked on small farms.

They owned most of the land and dominated the government.

They worked at manual labor for very low wages.

They were craftspeople, teachers, and doctors.

beauty, grace, elegance

curiosity, intelligence, imgination

discipline, strength, loyalty

honesty, humor, helpfulness

a group of loyal Senators

a group of well-trained professional soldiers

a group of elected plebeians

a group of patriarchs

Sicipio

Philip V

Marius

Hannibal

within the mountain range known as the Alps

on the island of Sicily

on seven hills on the west coast of Italy

in a flat region known as Mare Nostrum

fertile soil, a good water supply, and a mild climate

high altitude, fertile soil, and a dry climate

new irrigation techniques, hilly land, and a mild climate

sandy coastal soil, a good water supply, and a dry climate

advances in war strategies and training for soldiers

a new alphabet for writing and epic poetry

advances in agriculture, architecture, and learning

a grid plan for Rome's streets and buildings

a single powerful tyrant with complete control

citizens who vote for their leader

the military controlling an entire country or region

the complete removal of formal leadership

Men and the family were the most important.

Gender equality was the most important.

Women and children were the most important.

The bond of marriage was the most important.

patricians, slaves, plebeians

plebeians, slaves, patricians

slaves, patricians, plebeians

patricians, plebeians, slaves

Spartacus led a successful slave rebellion against Roman soldiers.

The Council of Plebs was permitted to make laws for all citizens.

The aristocracy agreed that the patricians had an unfair amount of power.

A dictator granted the plebeians more rights.

Living rulers were automatically considered gods.

The gods were to be respected and feared but not celebrated in public.

A group of many gods controlled specific areas of Roman life.

A single god required all of the people's respect and devotion.

Roman legionaries

Roman missionaries

the First Triumvirate

the Carthaginians

Rome's defeat by the Carthaginian navy

Hannibal's movement across the Alps to invade Italy

Rome's acquisition of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica

the siege and destruction of Carthage

popular with the Senate but hated by the people

popular with the people but hated by the Senate

popular with the people but hated by his soldiers

hated by the Roman Republic

Julius Caesar

General Crassus

General Pompey

The First Triumvirate

making the Senate and army stronger

reducing the army’s powers and restoring the system of checks and balances

giving slaves and plebeians more power and taking land from the rich

starting a civil war to take power from the Senate

Sulla and Marius

Caesar and Crassus

Crassus and Pompey

Tiberius and Marius

disease and widespread hunger

overpopulation and disease

conflicts with neighboring lands and peoples

poverty and unemployment

Roman soldiers were no match for the Macedonian phalanx.

Rome’s army was busy fighting against Philip V and couldn’t battle Hannibal.

The Roman army needed a fresh supply of weapons and soldiers.

Rome’s army was busy fighting against Hannibal and couldn’t battle Philip V.

weather and difficult terrain

enemy attacks and starvation

poorly trained troops and enemy attacks

lack of supplies and illness

The Romans fired their generals and brought in more successful ones.

Rome and Carthage became allies.

The Romans added many powerful warships to their navy.

The Carthaginians gave the Roman navy their unused ships.

outdated and ineffective

complicated and heavy

attractive but impractical

simple and light

Soldiers were treated kindly and were never punished if they failed.

The armies were small but well trained.

Roman soldiers had weapons that were better than the weapons of other armies.

If a Roman army was defeated, Rome would simply send a larger army the next time.