Notion of a continuum between a first language and a target language - process of depidginisation and decreolisation.

The structure of a language affects its speakers' world view or cognition

Focusing on dialect and stylistic/register variation - "social dimensions of language"

Use of more than one language, either by an individual or a community of speakers

Speakers fail to convey their meaning because the the message's pragmatic force is misunderstood (cultural norms are different than in L1).

Relationship between language use and the social world, particularly how language operates within and creates social structures.

People who share a set of linguistic norms and expectations regarding the use of language.

Social places where cultures meet, often in contexts of highly asymmetrical relations of power, such as colonialism, slavery , etc.

Speakers incorporate features from a dominant language.

Research is about situations and uses, the patterns and functions, of speaking - knowing the group's verbal behavior.

Code alternation by not accepted members of the group associated with the second language that they are using.

More than one way of saying the same thing. Speakers may vary pronunciation, word choice, or morphology and syntax.

Looks at the behaviors of entire speech communities

Knowledge to speak or write in only one language

Two or more languages in a context where language needs can or must be satisfied through the use of a simplified code.

The same language can be spoken differently by diverse speakers; they vary their language depending on which of their sociolinguistic identities is being called upon.

Translator's misuse or misunderstanding of the social conditions placed on language in use.