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- 1. Multiple ChoiceNegative reinforcement _______ the rate of a response; punishment ______ the rate of a response.Increases; decreasesDecreases; increasesDecreases; decreasesIncreases; does not affect
- 2. Multiple ChoiceThe behavior that would be most difficult to extinguish would be the one that was:Reinforced every time it occurredShapedReinforced intermittentlyReinforced by your parents
- 3. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following scenarios illustrates a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?Receiving a paycheck every two weeksHolding regular, but unpredictable, fire drillsEarning a prize for every five books read in the library’s summer reading programReceiving five additional vacation days for each year of employment at a company
- 4. Multiple Choice
Attention, memory, imitation and motivation are the four elements required for the process of:
Insight learning
Latent learning
Observational (social) learning
Spontaneous recovery
- 5. Multiple ChoiceJohn Watson and his colleague, Rosalie Rayner, offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _____________ in their study.discriminative stimulusconditioned stimulusunconditioned stimulusextinguished stimulus
- 6. Multiple ChoiceAnything that seeks to continue a desired behavior by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of undesired stimulus is called __.Negative ReinforcementPunishmentPositive ReinforcementPartial Reinforcement
- 7. Multiple Choice
According to _________ theory, you not consciously aware of how external stimuli have shaped your behavioral responses.Constructive memoryrepressive memoryepisodic memorypriming - 8. Multiple ChoiceWith regards to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as “75 percent lean” than to one referring to its “25 percent fat” content. This is an example of:The framing effectConfirmation biasMental setOverconfidence
- 9. Multiple Choice
What are the 3 stages of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) toward STRESS?
Alarm, fight, relaxation
Alarm, Control, Exhaustion
Resistance, Alarm, Relaxation
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
- 10. Multiple ChoiceBrian ate a tuna salad sandwich that had become tainted from being in the sun too long. Not long after eating, Brian became extremely nauseated and felt awful. After that, even the sight of a tuna sandwich caused Brian to feel nauseated. In this scenario, what is the conditioned response (CR)?tunanauseamayosight of any sandwich
- 11. Multiple Choice
Maddie gets a speeding ticket, and her parents take her car away for 2 weeks. What type of Operational Conditioning is taking place?
positive punishment
negative punishment
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
- 12. Multiple ChoiceLeah is interested in helping her daughter learn manners. Each time her daughter says something that is close to appropriate, she rewards her. Eventually, her daughter should learn good manners. What term is explained by this process?shapinghabituation
- 13. Multiple ChoiceWhen an animal receives a punishment but learns that pressing a button will eliminate the punishment, escape learning takes place. However, if there is no response that will turn off the shock, the situation is best described as what?avoidance learninglearned helplessness
- 14. Multiple Choice
For people who believe that others or outside forces (like luck or horoscopes) control their destiny is called?
internal locus of control
coping
external locus of control
self-control
- 15. Multiple Choice
A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells...
Efferent neurons
Afferent neurons
Mirror neurons
Motor neurons
Schwann cells
- 16. Multiple ChoiceMarie works in a dress factory where she earns $10 for each three dresses she hems. Marie is paid on avariable ratiofixed intervalfixed ratiovariable interval
- 17. Multiple ChoiceJean Piaget defined egocentrism as:The belief that young adults don’t listen to their parentsThe idea that preschool children cannot see things from another’s point of viewThe understanding that young children cannot learn outside of a structured classroomTh ebelief that children cannot do more than one task at a time
- 18. Multiple ChoiceAccording to Jean Piaget, what type of learning do individuals acquire during the formal operational stage?Abstract thoughtSymbolismMemorization skills) Auditory learning
- 19. Multiple ChoiceAccording to Lawrence Kohlberg, during the preconventional stage of moral development children tend to:Use abstract thoughts or principles to determine their behaviorMake behavioral decisions based on legal issuesUnderstand morality based on customs or valuesInterpret behavior in terms of concrete consequences
- 20. Multiple ChoiceDuring a discussion in class regarding cheating in school, a student argues, “Cheating is wrong; it is important to follow rules.” Lawrence Kohlberg would say this student is in what stage of moral development?PreconventionalConventionalPostconventionalAdvanced conventional
- 21. Multiple ChoiceTheory of emotion that suggests physical arousal and emotional experience arise simultaneously.Yerkes-DodsonJames-LangeCannon-BardTwo-Factor
- 22. Multiple Choice
________________ proposed a theory that described emotion as beginning with undifferentiated arousal. The specific emotional label we use to describe the arousal depends on our interpretation of the context.
James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schacter and Singer Theory
Tim Adams' Harvard Study
- 23. Multiple Choice
Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James-Lange theory of emotion?
stimulus --> emotion --> physiological changes
stimulus --> physiological changes --> emotion
physiological changes --> stimulus --> emotion
stimulus --> emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)
- 24. Multiple Choice
Which is true about Stress?
Stress is always a bad thing
Stress can be used as a survival tool
Not everyone gets stressed
- 25. Multiple ChoiceThis theory holds that bodily needs create either states of tension or arousal.Yerkes-Dodson LawZuckerman's ProposalDrive Reduction TheoryInstinct Theory
- 26. Multiple ChoiceMaslow described the process of reaching Self-Actualization using a model called the...Triangle of DeathTriangle of NeedsHierarchy of NeedsDrive Reduction
- 27. Multiple ChoiceIn which of the following situations would you perform best with lower levels of arousal?A task you could do easilyA task that you watch others performA task that you find difficultA task for which you have motivation
- 28. Multiple Choice
Carla tutors other students because she likes to be helpful, whereas Jane tutors classmates strictly for pay. Their behaviors demonstrate the difference between...
primary and secondary drives
instinctive and derived drives
appetitive and aversive motivation
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
positive and negative reinforcement
- 29. Multiple Choice
Montgomery prepares his resume carelessly and arrives late for his job interview. He is rejected by the prospective employer. Montgomery concludes that 'it's all a matter of dumb luck, anyways'. This judgement of the situation most clearly reflects...
delay of gratification
mechanism of reaction formation
unconcious inference
fixation and regression
external locus of control
- 30. Multiple Choice
Elaine buys a lottery ticket every week hoping she will win so she can buy a mansion and travel. Her behavior best fits which of the theories of motivation?
Arousal theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
Instinct theory
Affiliation theory
Incentive theory
- 31. Multiple Choice
In Pavlov's experiment, the salivating to the sound of a bell is a(n)
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
- 32. Multiple ChoiceWhen learning first takes place, we would say that __ has occurred.AcquisitionExtinctionSpontaneous RecoveryDiscrimination
- 33. Multiple ChoiceAccording to the serial position effect, you will remember more:items at the beginning and end of a list, than in the middle.nitems in the middle of a list, than at the beginning and end.vocabulary words if you process them visually.nvocabulary words if you process them acoustically.
- 34. Multiple ChoiceWe have all had the experience of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. We are asked to remember someone’s name. We are certain that we know the name and feel as if we are just about to remember it, yet it remains elusive. What type of forgetting might be at work here?encoding failureretroactive interferenceretrieval failuremotivated forgetting
- 35. Multiple ChoiceConfirmation bias refers to the tendency to:Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoningCling to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discreditedSearch randomly through alternative solutions when problem solvingLook for information that is consistent with one’s beliefs
- 36. Multiple Choice
The most well-adjusted and socially competent children tend to come from homes where parents employ which of the following parental styles
minimal supervision
authoritarian
authoritative
indulgent
permissive
- 37. Multiple Choice
Raul took his mother's care without asking and rear ended a car at a stoplight causing serious damage. His parents bought him a new car of his own. This is an example of which parenting style?
authoritarian
authoritative
permissive
assertive
restrictive
- 38. Multiple Choice
A fourth grade teacher finds that her students are very eager to help with classroom activities. Almost all students show an interest in being productive and involved in the class and the school overall. The students described above best reflect which stage of psychosocial development?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Trust vs. mistrust
Initiative vs. Guilt
Identity vs. Role Diffusion
Industry vs. Inferiority
- 39. Multiple Choice
When Billy's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Billy is clearly near the beginning of which of Piaget's stages?
Sensorimotor
Formal operational
Concrete operational
Preoperational
Conventional
- 40. Multiple Choice
Three year old Bert lives in the Alaskan wilderness and has learned the schema for moose as he often sees them near his house. When his family took him to visit his cousin Ernie, who lived on a horse farm, Bert modified his schema for large four legged animals to include horses. This process is known as
Habituation
Accomodation
Assimilation
Maturation
Conservation
- 41. Multiple Choice
A conscientious objector refuses to engage in combat because he cannot support the taking of life. According to Kohlberg what level of moral development is he using?
egocentric
conventional
Post-conventional
authoritative
industry vs inferiority.
- 42. Multiple Choice
Which of the following set of concepts is central to Social Learning Theory?
generalization, spontaneous recovery, discrimination
higher order learning, fixed ratio, negative reinforcement
observation, imitation, and modeling
acquisition, extinction, and counter-conditioning
fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ration
- 43. Multiple Choice
Which of the following argues that physiological needs create aroused physiological states that cause us to satisfy those needs.
incentive theory
arousal theory
Instinct theory.
Drive theory
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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