30 questions
Which statement best expresses the ideas of the Scientific Revolution?
Religious authorities are responsible for understanding and interpreting new information.
Superstition and magic are important aspects of the natural world.
Scientific ideas should be made to conform with existing thought systems.
People should use reason and experimentation to draw scientific conclusions.
The scientific theories developed by Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton resulted in
challenges to the traditional teachings of the Catholic Church
support for the Earth-centered theory of the universe
confirmation of Darwin's theory of evolution
a renewed interest in the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.
Diligent reader, in this work, which has just been created and published, you have the motions of the fixed stars and planets, as these motions have been reconstituted [reconstructed] on the basis of ancient as well as recent observations, and have moreover been embellished by new and marvelous hypotheses. You also have most convenient tables, from which you will be able to compute those motions with the utmost ease for any time whatever. Therefore buy, read, and enjoy [this work].Let no one untrained in geometry enter here.
– Nicholas Copernicus of Torun, Six Books on the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
In this passage, Copernicus states that he accomplished his work by
excluding the teachings of ancient societies
combining old and new observations
questioning the principles of the scientific method
denying the importance of geometry
What influence did the Scientific Revolution have on the Enlightenment in Europe?
Natural laws were used to explain human affairs
Economic growth was slowed by the lack of useable technology.
Scientific truths were used to justify absolute monarchies.
The emphasis on religious doctrine led to the rejection of scientific ideas.
The idea that all people are born with the natural rights of life, liberty, and property is most directly associated with the writings of
Baron de Montesquieu
Thomas Hobbes
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
John Locke
The heliocentric model of the universe developed by Copernicus and Galileo was considered heresy during their lives because it
linked astronomy to the teachings of Muhammad
supported the world view of the ancient Greeks
challenged the secular power of absolute monarchs
conflicted with the official doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the heliocentric theory became the centerpiece for debate between
capitalism and communism
science and religion
colonialism and nationalism
isolationism and globalism
Which individual suggested the idea that if a government fails to protect its people's natural rights of life, liberty, and property, the people have the right to overthrow it?
Karl Marx
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Niccolo Machiavelli
The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers were based on
efforts to achieve salvation
faith in human reason
traditional practices
the inevitability of poverty
Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.... Nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not separate from legislative power and from executive power. If it were joined to legislative power, the power over the life and liberty of the citizens would be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. If it were joined to executive power, the judge could have the force of an oppressor ....
-Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws
In this passage, Montesquieu is making reference to
an enlightened despotism
a policy of mercantilism
a separation of powers
a social contract
Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations stressed the importance of
tradition
supply and demand
large corporations
government ownership
Baron de Montesquieu believed that a separation of powers would
prevent tyranny by acting as a check on power
restore authority to the Roman Catholic Church
increase corruption of political authority
decrease the power of the middle class
Which idea is central to John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government?
A government’s power comes from the consent of the people.
Predestination will determine who will go to heaven.
Famine, disease, and conflict are natural checks on population growth.
The have-nots will rise up and overthrow the government of the haves.
Which statement represents a key idea directly associated with John Locke's Two Treatises of Government?
Freedom of speech should be denied.
The king's power on Earth comes from God.
All people are born with the right to life, liberty, and property.
Individuals acting in their own self-interest will achieve economic success.
Base your answer to the next 2 questions on the speakers’ statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.
Speaker A: I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it.
Speaker B: Government has no other end, but the preservation of property.
Speaker C: Man is born free, and everywhere he is in shackles.
Which historical figure expressed ideas that are most similar to those of Speaker B?
Thomas Malthus
John Locke
Peter the Great
Bishop Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet
Speaker A: I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it.
Speaker B: Government has no other end, but the preservation of property.
Speaker C: Man is born free, and everywhere he is in shackles.
Which historical period is best represented in the ideas expressed by these speakers?
Enlightenment
Counter Reformation
Age of Exploration
Early Middle Ages
Which individual is correctly paired with an individual who further developed his ideas?
Pope Urban II → Martin Luther
Nicolaus Copernicus → Galileo Galilei
Hernando Cortez → Simón Bolívar
Louis XVI → Maximilien Robespierre
Which pair of ideas were central to the Scientific Revolution?
social stability and economic self-sufficiency
observation and experimentation
technology and military expansion
scarcity and interdependence
Many Enlightenment philosophers used reason to
reinforce traditional beliefs
strengthen religious authority
reveal natural laws
encourage censorship
Which statement about the Scientific Revolution in Europe is accurate?
The existence of natural laws was rejected.
Scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the universe.
New ideas supported the geocentric theory of Ptolemy.
The Bible was used to justify new scientific findings.
Which period is most closely associated with the major ideas of these philosophers?
Crusades
Renaissance
Reconquista
Enlightenment
According to John Locke, the purpose of government is to
protect the natural rights of individuals
serve the monarch
create overseas settlements
stimulate the economy
One way in which Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau are similar is that they were
philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment
chief ministers during the French Revolution
leaders of the Italian unification movement
supporters of the Counter Reformation
Which statement expresses an idea of the Enlightenment?
The king is sacred and answers only to God.
History is a continuous struggle between social classes
Those who are the most fit will survive and succeed.
All individuals have natural rights.
One contribution that John Locke made to Enlightenment philosophy was the idea that
absolute monarchies should continue
the punishment should fit the crime
individual rights should be denied
governments should be based on the consent of the people
". . . Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. . . "— Declaration of the Rights of Manand of the Citizen, 1789
Which principle of the Enlightenment philosophers is expressed in this quotation from the French Revolution?
natural law
nationalism
free trade
socialism
One way in which the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment were similar is that they
encouraged the spread of new ideas
strengthened traditional institutions
led to the Protestant Reformation
rejected Renaissance individualism
Base your answer on the excerpt below.
Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. . . .
Article 5: No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. . . .
Article 19: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. . . .
— The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
In which time period of Western history did thinkers first express these ideas in written for
Renaissance
Reformation
Enlightenment
Middle Ages
"When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates [government officials], there can be no liberty; because apprehensions [fears] may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws to execute them in a tyrannical manner. . . ."
— Baron de Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws
Which solution would Baron de Montesquieu offer to avoid the enactment of tyrannical laws?
granting freedom of speech
reinstating absolute monarchies
separating the branches of government
limiting natural laws
Base your answer on the speakers' statements below and on your knowledge of social studies.
Speaker A: The story of history is the story of class struggles. Revolution is necessary to overthrow the ruling class and eventually create a classless society in which no one will be exploited.
Speaker B: The royal power is absolute and the prince need render account of his acts to no one. Where the word of a king is, there is power. Without this absolute authority, the king could neither do good nor repress evil.
Speaker C: Government should leave business alone. It should let the natural law of supply and demand determine what gets produced, how much gets produced, who does the work, the price of goods, rates of pay, and all other economic questions.
Speaker D: Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. It is the duty of every government to preserve and protect these natural and inalienable rights.
Which speaker expresses the views of John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau?
A
B
C
D