a person belonging to the slave class

a village leader who kept records of events

a powerful priest from “the Two Lands”

the legendary first pharaoh who united Egypt

The Nile did not flood each year in Kush.

Kushites did not have far to travel to attack their enemies.

The Nile’s cataracts made it difficult to travel by boat.

Kush could not produce a surplus.

food shortages.

queens called candaces.

paying tribute to Egypt.

trade networks with Greece and Rome and other parts of Africa.

Pharaoh, Scribes, Priests, Merchants, Farmers.

Pharaoh, Priests nobles & officials, Scribes, Merchants & artisans, Farmers, servants & slaves

Pharaoh, Priests, Scribes, Farmers, Merchants

Pharaoh, Priests, Farmers, Scribes, Merchants

explains the succession of pharaohs.

is a list of important citizens and officials who died.

is a guide to the afterlife for the souls of the dead.

tells the story of an Egyptian scribe who killed a pharaoh.

The yield of grain crops would increase.

Crops would fail and cause hunger.

Forest fires would break out and destroy homes.

The sands would become hot and burning.

Horus brought light and life to the people of Egypt as the sun god.

Priests of Horus’s temple in Thebes were also considered gods.

Pharaohs were considered gods on Earth, and therefore powerful.

The people feared Seth and tried to avoid his wrath.

Kushites wanted to leave their country and move to Egypt.

Kushites adopted many of the elements of Egyptian culture.

Kushites learned to navigate the Nile River.

Kushites stopped trading with other African kingdoms.

Not everyone had to produce food, so some could be artisans or merchants.

Farmers hired craftworkers to make new agricultural tools.

Roads needed to be built to carry surplus crops to markets.

Weavers and potters created containers for storing surplus crops.

Meroë was a safer distance from the Nile.

Meroë was located near iron deposits and trade routes.

Meroë received less rain and flooding than Napata.