high taxes that could bankrupt merchants

strict penalties which discouraged smuggling and raised prices

growing administrative power of the British government over the colonies

Britain's intention to make the colonists pay for their own defense.

part of England's plan to create a more centralized imperial system in America.

barely passed by a divided Parliament deeply concerned about American opposition

problematic because it bore heavily on the poorest colonists and exempted the rich

supported by Benjamin Franklin and other prominent colonial leaders as a reasonable tax.

pursued a stricter enforcement of the Stamp Act

They passed the Revenue Act to replace the Stamp Act

Politicians argued that the colonists had virtual representation

They suggested that Americans had representation through their own colonial legislatures.

Americans to vacate their houses or take in British troops on the demand of any commander.

colonial governments to provide barracks and food for British soldiers sent to American to protect them

that treasonous Americans be hanged and "quartered" that is, cut into four pieces by the hangman

that collectors of the Stamp Tax receive a commission of one quarter of the revenue they took in.

The Congress was a failure because the nine colonies represented could not agree on a unified policy

The delegates protested loss of American liberties and challenged the act's constitutionality

Congressional delegates formulated a set of resolves that threatened rebellion against Britain

The group issued a statement that accepted the constitutionality of the Sugar Act, but not the Stamp Act

widespread wage cuts and price increases

Fear that their personal liberty would be undermined

Their desire to create an American democracy

Religious fervor stimulated by the Great Awakening

The Stamp Act

The Currency Act

The Townshend Acts

The Proclamation of 1763

The Earl of Rockingham repealed both the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act

The ministry reaffirmed the Sugar Act, repealed the Stamp Act, and stationed troops in Boston

It repealed the Stamp Act, lowered the molasses tax, and crafted the Declaratory Act.

It revised the Sugar Act to apply only to molasses produced on British sugar islands.

Molasses and wheat exported to countries in continental Europe

All British manufactured good and tea imported into the colonies

Paper, paint, glass, and tea imported into the colonies

Indigo, wool, lumber, and naval supplies exported to Britain from the colonies.

They published the names of merchants who imported British goods

Women joined public protests demanding the resignation of British officials

They promoted non importation by making and wearing homespun cloth

The group amassed signatures and sent petitions to Parliament for redress.

They boycott failed because southern merchants refused to support the northern organizers.

Merchants and consumers needed little persuasion to join the boycott.

Consumers in the colonies disagreed over which imported items to boycott

Support began in seaport cities, then spread to more major population centers.

Lord Hillsborough secretary of state for American affairs-dispatched British troops to Boston

Convinced by colonists constitutional objections, Parliament repealed the Townshend duties for all of the colonies

Parliament expanded the Townshend duties by adding tea to the list of taxable products

Parliament urged removal of British troops to avoid a military confrontation with American rebels.

Boycotts

Strikes

Petitions

Riots

American rioters ransacked the five stores selling British goods and hung their owners in public

British troops hung five protesters found guilty of treason against Parliament and the king

British troops burned the Massachusetts colonial assembly building and killed two members.

Five Bostonians were shot and killed by British troops who were later exonerated of the crime.

It was intended to break the American boycott of tea imports from England

Parliament passed the Tea Act to raise more revenue from the sale of tea in order to cover military costs in North America

The British needed to bail out the financially strapped British East India Company.

Parliament meant to punish the Americans for importing tea from Holland

It threatened to bankrupt most colonial tea mercants

They saw it as a bribe to eliminate colonial tax resistance

The law favored English tea over Dutch tea, which they preferred.

Parliament enacted it without consulting the colonies first

All thirteen

Mass, NY, PA, and VA

Mass only

VA, MA, and RI

Patriot leaders convened the group in response to the imposition of the Coercive Acts.

The group united representatives from all of the British colonies in North America.

It reviewed and accepted Joseph Galloway's Plan of Union

Delegates drafted and passed a conciliatory declaration of rights and grievances.

Immediate war with Britain

The pursuit of a military alliance with Spain

Political union and defensive military preparations

The Congress's seizure of British Canada

Requesting that Thomas Jefferson draft a document outlining the rights and grievances of the American colonies

Declaring itself a sovereign political body composed of representatives from each colony's assembly

Threatening to cut off almost all American exports to Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies

Sending a delegation of representatives to make the American colonies' case in an upcoming meeting of Parliament

The bloodshed that took place made further compromise impossible

Hundreds of British soldiers were killed in each battle

Colonial militias were caught off guard by the surprise British attack

The British captured rebel weapons and several prominent Patriot Leaders.

Delegates elected Sam Adams as president

George Washington became head of the Continental Army

The body rejected John Adams's proposal for reconciliation

Southerners agreed to emancipate all slaves who helped fight the British.

It called for republicanism and convinced many colonists of the need to fight for American independence.

The pamphlet was ghostwritten by Benjamin Franklin

Author Thomas Paine begged the Patriots to use "common sense" and restore harmony with Britain before the colonies were "laid in blood and ashes"

It urged ordinary Americans to revolt, not only against the kind and Parliament, but also against wealthy merchants and planters.