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- 1. Multiple Choice
A tree grows from an embryo in a seed to form a large, multicellular organism.
What is the source of all of the cells of the mature tree?
They begin as single-celled organisms that form interactive groups and gradually become a single organism.
Preexisting cells form some of the cells as they undergo mitosis, while other cells arise only from nonliving parts.
All of the cells are assembled from nonliving parts, independently of preexisting cells.
All of the cells are produced by preexisting cells that undergo mitosis and pass through the cell cycle.
- 2. Multiple Choice
The diagram illustrates the structure of a plant cell.
What structures surround and protect the cell?
cell wall with an inner and outer lining
cell membrane with an inner and outer lining
cell wall surrounded by a cell membrane
cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall
- 3. Multiple Choice
The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. What is one reason that proteins are essential for the cell membrane to function properly?
Proteins attach the cell membrane to the cell wall.
Proteins prevent the cell membrane from breaking apart in water.
Proteins allow certain substances to pass through the cell membrane.
Proteins prevent gases, including oxygen and carbon dioxide, from passing through the cell membrane.
- 4. Multiple Choice
Many scientists depend on electron microscopes to study cells and cell structures.
Which of the following is an advantage of electron microscopes over light microscopes?
Electron microscopes produce highly magnified images.
Electron microscopes show the true colors of images.
Electron microscopes can study living cells and tissues.
Electron microscopes are less expensive and easier to use.
- 5. Multiple Choice
A scientist is studying a cell from an unidentified organism. Which feature of the cell provides the strongest evidence that the organism is a prokaryote and not a eukaryote?
The cell contains a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
The cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane and a cell wall.
The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane but not a cell wall.
- 6. Multiple Choice
A scientist is comparing ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell.
Which of the following is a property of the ribosomes in the eukaryotic cell only and not the prokaryotic cell?
Proteins are assembled on ribosomes.
Some of the ribosomes are attached to the cell membrane.
Some of the ribosomes are located in the endoplasmic reticulum.
All of the ribosomes are distributed evenly throughout the cytoplasm.
- 7. Multiple Choice
Lionel places red blood cells in a beaker of pure water and then observes their activity under a microscope. Which of the following is the most likely result that Lionel will obtain?
Water diffuses into the red blood cells by osmosis, and the cells eventually burst.
Water diffuses out of the red blood cells by osmosis, and the cells shrink to about half their normal size.
Water diffuses both in and out of the red blood cells, and the cells remain approximately the same size.
Water diffuses both in and out of the red blood cells, and the cells alternately expand and shrink.
- 8. Multiple Choice
Nicole is studying plant cells under a microscope. She observes one set of structures that she identifies as chloroplasts, and she observes another set of structures that she identifies as mitochondria. Is it possible that Nicole has correctly identified these structures?
Yes, many plant cells have both mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Yes, but only if the mitochondria and chloroplasts are in separate cells and not together in the same cells.
No, plant cells only have chloroplasts and not mitochondria.
No, plant cells only have mitochondria and not chloroplasts.
- 9. Multiple Choice
Brendan claims that an advantage of the light microscope is that it can be designed for use without electricity. Is Brendan’s claim correct?
Yes, with the condition that sufficient light is available.
Yes, with the condition that only the low-power objective will be used.
No, because electricity is needed to direct light through the lenses.
No, because electricity is needed to generate a beam of electrons.
- 10. Multiple Choice
During the course of many cell processes, a molecule of ATP may break apart to form a molecule of ADP and a phosphate group. How is this action of ATP useful to the cell?
It stores chemical energy for the cell to use at a later time.
It releases chemical energy for the cell to use immediately.
It absorbs heat, which prevents the cell from overheating.
It removes a metabolic poison from the cell.
- 11. Multiple Choice
The diagram provides an overview of the process of photosynthesis.
How does the diagram model the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
The arrows labeled NADPH and ATP model the light-dependent reactions, because these molecules receive the energy of light.
The left half of the diagram models the light-dependent reactions, because light provides the energy for these reactions.
The right half of the diagram models the light-dependent reactions, because light is necessary for these reactions to occur.
The entire diagram models the light-dependent reactions, because all of the reactions occur only in the presence of light.
- 12. Multiple Choice
The diagram provides an overview of the process of photosynthesis. Refer to the diagram to answer question. As shown by the right half of the diagram, carbon dioxide (CO2) is used to generate sugars. What is the role of light, if any, in this process?
Light absorbs the energy for the process, so the process must occur only when light is present.
Light is the direct energy source for the process, so the process must occur when light is present.
Light is the indirect energy source for the process, and the process may occur in the light or in darkness.
Light has no role in this process, which may occur in the light or in darkness.
- 13. Multiple Choice
Scientists and other citizens are concerned that carbon dioxide levels are increasing in Earth’s atmosphere. Plants perform both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Could increasing Earth’s population of plants affect carbon dioxide levels?
No, photosynthesis and cellular respiration do not involve carbon dioxide.
No, in plants, photosynthesis adds as much carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as cellular respiration removes.
Yes, it would decrease the levels. Photosynthesis acts to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store the carbon in plant tissues.
Yes, it would increase the levels. Photosynthesis releases more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than cellular respiration removes.
- 14. Multiple Choice
Photosynthesis can be modeled by its overall chemical reaction. Which two substances are the products, or outputs, of this reaction?
sugars and carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide and water
carbon dioxide and oxygen
sugars and oxygen
- 15. Multiple Choice
Both ATP and NADPH are involved in photosynthesis. Which of the following best describes their role?
They are products of photosynthesis that the cell uses for energy.
They are reactants of photosynthesis that the cell takes up from the environment.
They provide the energy that excites the electrons released by water molecules.
They are intermediates that carry energy from the light-dependent reactions to the light-independent reactions.
- 16. Multiple Choice
Nathan is modeling the chemical reactions that occur during photosynthesis. One of these reactions is the removal of hydrogen atoms from water molecules (H2O). What is the ultimate fate of the oxygen atoms (O) that are produced?
They combine with carbon atoms to form carbon dioxide (CO2).
They recombine with hydrogen atoms to form new water molecules (H2O).
They accumulate in the thylakoid membrane and stroma.
They are released as part of molecular oxygen (O2).
- 17. Multiple Choice
Photosynthesis involves chemical changes to three elements: carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Which of the following describes the chemical change to carbon?
from its element form to a chemical compound
from one gas compound to a different gas compound
from a gas compound to a solid compound
from a solid compound to a liquid compound
- 18. Multiple Choice
Bree states that the following word equation is a model of a cellular process. Refer to the equation to answer question.
glucose + oxygen ⇒ carbon dioxide + water
Which process, if any, could the equation be modeling accurately? (Note: The forward arrow indicates that the reaction proceeds in the forward direction only.)
either cellular respiration or photosynthesis
cellular respiration, but not photosynthesis
photosynthesis, but not cellular respiration
neither cellular respiration nor photosynthesis
- 19. Multiple Choice
Bree states that the following word equation is a model of a cellular process. Refer to the equation to answer question.
glucose + oxygen ⇒ carbon dioxide + water
Bree wants to rewrite the equation with a modification to model the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Which of these modifications would be most useful?
Rewrite the equation with proteins replacing glucose.
Rewrite the equation with the arrow pointing in the opposite direction.
Rewrite the equation with exchanged positions of oxygen and water.
Rewrite the equation with exchanged positions of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- 20. Multiple Choice
Milo is analyzing the steps of cellular respiration. His goal is to quantify the amount of useful chemical energy that cellular respiration can generate from one molecule of glucose. Which of these chemical changes that occur during cellular respiration would be most useful for Milo to track and identify?
the conversion of ADP to ATP
the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
the addition of hydrogen to oxygen, forming water
the removal of carbon dioxide from the Krebs cycle
- 21. Multiple Choice
The diagram illustrates the steps of glycolysis, which is the first stage of cellular respiration. Refer to the diagram to answer question.
What is the role of oxygen gas (O2) in glycolysis?
Oxygen is a reactant of glycolysis.
Oxygen is a product of glycolysis.
Oxygen is an intermediate of glycolysis.
Oxygen has no direct role in glycolysis.
- 22. Multiple Choice
The diagram illustrates the steps of glycolysis, which is the first stage of cellular respiration. Refer to the diagram to answer question.
How does the energy content of the two molecules of pyruvic acid compare with the energy content of the glucose molecule?
Pyruvic acid has the same amount of energy, because energy is always conserved in chemical reactions.
Pyruvic acid has more energy, because it gained energy from the conversion of ADP to ATP.
Pyruvic acid has less energy, because some of the energy of glucose was transferred to ADP to make ATP.
Pyruvic acid has less energy, because it is a three-carbon sugar and glucose is a six-carbon sugar.
- 23. Multiple Choice
The diagram illustrates the steps of glycolysis, which is the first stage of cellular respiration. Refer to the diagram to answer question.
In the human body, muscle cells generally complete aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen. Are muscle cells able to function without oxygen?
Yes, for a brief time, they can perform fermentation without oxygen.
Yes, for a brief time, they can complete aerobic respiration without oxygen.
No, muscle cells are unable to gain energy from glucose when oxygen is absent.
No, muscle cells are unable to receive glucose when oxygen is absent.
- 24. Multiple Choice
Earth’s atmosphere is about 21 percent oxygen. This percentage has remained about the same throughout human history and even earlier. How have cellular respiration and photosynthesis helped maintain relatively constant oxygen levels?
Cellular respiration helps maintain oxygen levels, while photosynthesis has no effect.
Photosynthesis helps maintain oxygen levels, while cellular respiration has no effect.
Cellular respiration removes oxygen from the atmosphere, while photosynthesis adds oxygen to the atmosphere.
Cellular respiration adds oxygen to the atmosphere, while photosynthesis removes oxygen from the atmosphere.
- 25. Multiple Choice
How does sexual reproduction increase the genetic diversity among a population?
by increasing the mutation rate in offspring
by increasing the mutation rate in parents
by copying the genes from one parent to form many offspring
by combining genes from two parents into one offspring
- 26. Multiple Choice
The diagram models a process as it occurs in an animal cell and a plant cell.
What has occurred in both cells immediately before this process?
A cell nucleus has divided by mitosis.
Two cells have migrated to join together.
A cell wall has increased in size.
A cell has grown larger, without mitosis occurring.
- 27. Multiple Choice
During the process of mitosis, which event occurs to each chromosome in the cell nucleus?
Each chromosome breaks apart into individual pieces, called genes.
Each chromosome merges with another chromosome, forming a tetrad.
Each chromosome is pulled apart, forming two identical chromatids.
Each chromosome is pulled apart, forming two nonidentical chromatids.
- 28. Multiple Choice
During the cell cycle, compounds called cyclins increase and decrease in a regular pattern. What is the role of cyclins?
They attach to chromosomes and cause them to condense or expand.
They attach to chromosomes and move them around the cell.
They regulate the stages of cell division and growth.
They form the new cell membrane or new cell wall that divides one cell into two cells.
- 29. Multiple Choice
In multicellular organisms, cells are specialized to complete tasks such as communication, movement, structural support, or the secretion of useful compounds. Does mitosis occur differently among different types of specialized cells?
Yes, mitosis removes unnecessary chromosomes from specialized cells.
Yes, mitosis deactivates unnecessary chromosomes in specialized cells.
No, mitosis always occurs the same way, and always maintains the same number of chromosomes per cell.
No, mitosis always adds one new chromosome every time the cell divides.
- 30. Multiple Choice
Some animals are able to reproduce either asexually or sexually. When would asexual reproduction provide the greatest advantage to a population of this type of animal?
The population is living under dense, crowded conditions.
The population is equally divided among males and females.
New adaptations would help the population thrive in a changing environment.
Extensive resources allow the population to increase rapidly.
- 31. Multiple Choice
The diagram models the processes that take place during the cell cycle.
As shown by the diagram, what sequence of events occurs during the cell cycle?
DNA replication and cell division are separated by periods of growth.
Periods of growth and cell division alternate with each other, and DNA replication occurs in the cell division phase.
Periods of growth and cell division alternate with each other, and DNA replication occurs during the growth period.
DNA replication, growth, and cell division occur in random orders.
- 32. Multiple Choice
A cell has 18 chromosomes. How do the chromosomes change during metaphase?
They separate into 18 identical chromatids.
They separate into 36 identical chromatids.
They align in a single row across the cell.
They align in two rows across the cell, with 9 chromosomes per row.
- 33. Multiple Choice
Mitosis occurs in a wide variety of cells, but it does not occur in which of these cells, and for what reason?
unicellular eukaryotes, because these cells only grow larger and do not divide
unicellular eukaryotes, because these cells divide only through cytokinesis
prokaryotes, because these cells divide by binary fission
prokaryotes, because these cells excrete nonliving substances but do not reproduce
- 34. Multiple Choice
The enzyme ATP synthase is a protein that contains a small channel. How is the movement of hydrogen ions through the channel useful in the function of the enzyme?
Some of the hydrogen ions combine with ATP to form the enzyme.
Some of the hydrogen ions combine with ATP to form new proteins.
The movement of hydrogen ions provides the energy for the reaction that breaks apart ATP.
The movement of hydrogen ions provides the energy for the reaction that forms ATP.
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