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- 1. Multiple Choice
Which of the following provides the best definition of a schema?
They are mental templates that provide a framework for organizing information about the world. They represent a person’s knowledge about objects, people or situations. Each individual is born with a set of mental schemas
They are mental templates that provide a framework for organizing information about the world. They represent a person’s knowledge about objects, people or situations. Schemas are derived from prior experience and knowledge.
They are mental tricks that we can use to help us organize the information that we have about the world. They help us to organise our knowledge about objects, people or situations. Schemas are derived from prior experience and knowledge.
They are mental tricks that we can use to help us organize the information that we have about the world. They help us to organise our knowledge about objects, people or situations. Each individual is born with a set of mental schemas.
- 2. Multiple Choice
According to Schema Theory, which of the following are true.?
Our processing, storage and retrieval of information, is determined by a large extent on relevant previous knowledge and past experiences stored in our memory.
Knowledge in our brain is stored in the form of schemas
Schemas can influence our behaviour
Schemas can influence the way in which we process information
- 3. Multiple Choice
According to Schema Theory, which of the following are functions of schemas?
they can be activated to increase information processing efficiency
they are used to organise our knowledge
they help to decrease bias in information processing
they assist recall
- 4. Multiple Choice
Schema theorists suggest that we try to make sense of situations and new information it in terms of our previously stored schemas. What could this potentially mean?
That information is stored and remembered in a distorted way, as information is altered in order for it to fit in with an individual’s pre-existing schemas.
We can quickly identify a new object or situation by comparing to pre-existing schemas.
That the speed of cognitive processing is greatly reduced because we are spending too much time comparing our current experiences with previous knowledge.
None of these answers are correct
- 5. Multiple Choice
Which of the following studies highlight how schemas can assist with recall?
Loftus and Palmer
Brewer and Treyen
Bransford and Johnson
Craik and Tulving
- 6. Multiple Choice
Which of the following are accurate statements with regard to Brewer and Treyen's results?
Participants could easily recall items that were consistent with an 'office schema'
When making errors, participants tended to incorrectly recall items that were consistent with an 'office schema' and you would expect to see in an office but were not actually present.
Participants had little difficulty recalling items that were NOT consistent with an 'office schema' and you would not usually expect to find in an office.
When making errors, participants tended to incorrectly recall unusual items that you would not expect to find in an office.
- 7. Multiple Choice
Can Brewer and Treyen's office study be considered ethical?
No because deception was used, therefore, the study was unethical
Yes because participants gave their full informed consent
No because participants experienced psychological harm
Yes because the deception used was minor, participants were fully debriefed and there was no psychological harm.
- 8. Multiple Choice
The aim of Bransford and Johnson
To determine weather activation of schemas can assist in recall
To investigate if schema activation can result in memory distortion
To investigate if the activation of relevant schemas assists in information processing
None of these answers are correct
- 9. Multiple Choice
What type of research method was used in Bransford and Johnson's study?
An independent groups design
A repeated measures design
A laboratory experiment
A quasi experiment
- 10. Multiple Choice
What was the IV in Bransford and Johnson's study?
How easy of difficult the participants rated the passage to comprehend
The number items the participants correctly recalled from the office
Whether the participants were given the title 'doing the laundry' before hearing the passage or whether they were not given a title
None of these answers are correct
- 11. Multiple Choice
Bransford and Johnson's results
Participants who had their 'laundry schema' activated found it easier to comprehend the passage
Participants who had their 'office schema' activated correctly recalled more items from the office.
Participants who were given the title 'doing the laundry' before listening to the passage found the passage easier to comprehend.
Participants who did not have their 'office schema' activated made more mistakes when recalling items from the office.
- 12. Multiple Choice
What research design was used in Bransford and Johnson's study?
A laboratory experiment
A matched participants design
An independent groups design
A quasi experiment
- 13. Multiple Choice
Which of the following could be considered strengths of Bransford and Johnson's study.
The use of independent groups design meant that the same passage could be used in each condition which helps to isolate the effects of the IV.
The study was a true experiment, thus a cause and effect relationship could be established between the title and the increase in comprehension.
The study was a true experiment, therefore, a cause and effect relationship could be established between schemas and increased comprehension.
The study was high in mundane realism
- 14. Multiple Choice
Which of the following could be considered limitations of Bransford and Johnson's study?
The use of independent groups design could also be considered as a limitation. As a result of using an independent groups design participant variability could have been a problem
Some participants may have had more experience with doing the laundry than participants. Therefore, their laundry schema may be far more detailed than the participants in the other group
A simple rating of a script like this is not a task that people usually complete in their everyday life and may not be reflective or real world recall, therefore, the study is lacking in mundane realism
The idea that schema’s caused the improved comprehension is not falsifiable.
- 15. Fill in the Blank
What is the name of the second research study that also provides support for Schema Theory? ________ and Treyen
- 16. Multiple Choice
In Brewer and Treyen's study, how long were participants asked to sit in the office before being asked to leave and recall the items?
10 seconds
35 seconds
45 seconds
1 minute
- 17. Multiple Choice
Which of the following are results of Brewer and Treyen's study?
Participants easily and correctly recalled items that were consistent with an office schema
When participants made mistakes they often incorrectly recalled items that you would expect to see in an office but were not actually there.
Participants had difficulty recalling items that did not fit into an office schema
Participants were highly accurate in their recall of all of the items in the office.
- 18. Multiple Choice
Which of the following are considered strengths of Schema Theory?
There has been a great deal of supporting research in the area.
The theory is useful for understanding efficiency of human memory
Schema theory has contributed to an understanding of memory distortions and stereotyping
The theory is falsifiable
- 19. Multiple Choice
Which of the following are considered limitations of Schema Theory?
Schemas are not, of course, directly observable or tangible. Therefore, the theory is not falsifiable.
The theory does not have any practical applications
The theory does not explain being able to remember unusual or new memories that do not easily fit into an existing schema
Schema theory over-emphasizes the inaccuracy of memory (i.e. our brain does often get it right).
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