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- 1. Multiple ChoiceThe representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:We generalize our views to other, nonrepresentativeness heuristicsThe representativeness algorithm does not match the representativeness heuristicPossible variations in the prototype are consideredWe fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist
- 2. Multiple ChoiceDr. Mendoza is studying the mental strategies people use when solving problems. Dr. Mendoza is clearly a(n):Cognitive psychologistExperimental psychologistOrganizational psychologistDevelopmental psychologist
- 3. Multiple ChoiceA mental grouping of similar things, events or people is called a(n):PrototypeConceptAlgorithmHeuristic
- 4. Multiple ChoiceThe conjunction fallacy is a tendency to:Draw general conclusions based on a few isolated casesOverestimate the odds of a chance event if that event hasn’t occurred recentlyUnderestimate the odds of a chance event if that event hasn’t occurred recentlyBelieve that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone
- 5. Multiple ChoiceConfirmation bias refers to the tendency to:Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoningCling to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discreditedSearch randomly through alternative solutions when problem solvingLook for information that is consistent with one’s beliefs
- 6. Multiple ChoiceA common problem in everyday reasoning is our tendency to:Accept as logical those conclusions that agree with our own opinionsAccept as logical those conclusions that disagree with our own opinionsUnderestimate the accuracy of our knowledgeAccept as logical those conclusions that involve unfamiliar concepts
- 7. Multiple ChoiceMental sets and functional fixedness are types of:AlgorithmsHeuristicsFixationInsight
- 8. Multiple ChoiceA strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how easily other instances of the event are available in memory is called the:Availability heuristicAvailability algorithmRepresentativeness heuristicRepresentativeness algorithm
- 9. Multiple ChoiceThe term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:CognitionLearningPerceptionSensation
- 10. Multiple ChoiceWhen Janice forgot to pack a pillow for her camping trip she used her down-jacket as a substitute pillow. In this situation Janice:Was not constrained by functional fixednessWas constrained by a mental setWas constrained by functional fixednessUsed an algorithm to solve her problem
- 11. Multiple ChoiceA dessert recipe that gives you the ingredients, their amounts and the steps to follow is an example of a(n):PrototypeAlgorithmHeuristicMental set
- 12. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is an example of the use of heuristics?Trying every possible combination of letters when unscrambling a wordConsidering each possible move when playing chessUsing the formula “area=length x width” to find the area of a rectanglePlaying chess using a defensive strategy that has often been successful for you
- 13. Multiple ChoiceStockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates:The representativeness heuristicThe framing effectOverconfidenceBelief perseverance
- 14. Multiple ChoiceA prototype is a:Step-by-step procedure for solving problemsMental grouping of similar objects, events or peopleBest example of a particular categorySimple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently
- 15. Multiple ChoiceWhen the word “oat” is changed to the word “boat,” the number of:Phonemes increases, but the number of morphemes stays the samePhonemes and morphemes are both increasedPhonemes and morphemes both stay the samePhonemes stays the same, but the number of morphemes increases
- 16. Multiple ChoiceRudy is 6 feet tall, weighs 210 pounds, and is very muscular. If you think that Rudy is more likely to be a basketball player than a computer programmer , you are a victim of:Belief biasThe availability heuristicA mental setThe representativeness heuristic
- 17. Multiple ChoiceA, an and ill are all examples of:PhonemesMorphemesSyntaxGrammar
- 18. Multiple ChoiceAirline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. In such instances, people’s decisions are being influenced by:Belief biasThe availability heuristicThe representativeness heuristicFunctional fixedness
- 19. Multiple ChoiceMost people tend to:Accurately estimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgmentsUnderestimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgmentsOverestimate the accuracy of their knowledge and judgmentsLack confidence in their decision-making strategies
- 20. Multiple ChoiceWith regards to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as “75 percent lean” than to one referring to its “25 percent fat” content. This is an example of:The framing effectConfirmation biasMental setOverconfidence
- 21. Multiple ChoiceWhich one of the following illustrates belief perseverance?Your belief remains intact even in the face of evidence to the contraryYou refuse to listen to arguments counter to your beliefsYou tend to become flustered and angered when your beliefs are refutedYou tend to search for information that supports your beliefs
- 22. Multiple ChoiceThe rules most directly involved in permitting a person to derive meaning from words and sentences are rules of:SyntaxGrammarPhonemic structureSemantics
- 23. Multiple ChoiceThe child who says “milk gone” is engaging in ____________. This type of utterance demonstrates that children are actively experimenting with the rules of ____________.Babbling; syntaxTelegraphic speech; syntaxBabbling; semanticsTelegraphic speech; semantics
- 24. Multiple ChoiceSkinner and other behaviorists have argued that language development is the result of:ImitationReinforcementAssociationAll of the above
- 25. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is not cited by Chomsky as evidence that language acquisition cannot be explained by learning alone?Children master the complicated rules of grammar with easeChildren create sentences that they have never heardChildren make the kinds of mistakes that suggest they are attempting to apply the rules of grammarChildren raised in isolation from language spontaneously begin speaking words
- 26. Multiple ChoiceWhorf’s linguistic determination hypothesis states that:Language is primarily a learned abilityLanguage is partially an innate abilityThe size of a person’s vocabulary reflects his or her intelligenceOur language shapes our thinking
- 27. Multiple ChoiceResearchers taught the chimpanzee Washoe and the gorilla Koko to communicate by using:Various soundsPlastic symbols of various shapes and colorsSign languageAll of the above
- 28. Multiple ChoiceAny system that encodes, stores and retrieves informationChunkingMemorySensory experienceRehearsal
- 29. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is NOT one of the 3 memory tasks?EncodingStorageRehearsalRetrieval
- 30. Multiple ChoicePreserves brief sensory impression for only a fraction of a second.Sensory MemoryWorking MemoryShort-Term MemoryLong-Term Memory
- 31. Multiple ChoicePreserves recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute w/o rehearsal.Sensory memoryWorking memoryLong-term memory
- 32. Multiple ChoiceOrganizing pieces of info into smaller units.RehearsalChunkingPerserveranceEncoding
- 33. Multiple ChoiceRetention of encoded material over time.EncodingStorageRehearsalRetrieval
- 34. Multiple ChoiceLocation and recovery of info from memoryEncodingStorageRehearsalRetrieval
- 35. Multiple ChoiceHolds about 7 items at a timeShort-term memoryLong-term memorySensory memory
- 36. Multiple ChoiceInformation that is reviewed to keep it from fading.ChunkingMaintenance RehearsalStorageRetrieval
- 37. Multiple ChoiceHas unlimited storage capacityWorking memoryShort-term memorySensory memoryLong-term memory
- 38. Multiple ChoicePart of LTM that stores memories of how things are done.Declarative memoryAcoustic memory
Elaborative memoryAcoustic memoryProcedural memory - 39. Multiple ChoiceA memory of something that was NOT deliberately learned.Implicit memoryExplicit memoryRetrieval cuesAcoustic memory
- 40. Multiple ChoiceMemory of something that WAS deliberately learned.Implicit memoryExplicit memoryRetrieval cuesAcoustic memory
- 41. Multiple ChoiceForgetting caused by lapses in attentionBlockingTransienceMisattributionAbsent-mindedness
- 42. Multiple ChoiceTechniques used to improve memory.BiasPersistenceMnemonicTransience
- 43. Multiple ChoiceThe rules of languageGrammerMorphemesLanguage acquistionScript
- 44. Multiple ChoiceA knowledge clusterScriptSchemaAlgorithmHeuristic
- 45. Multiple ChoiceA rule of thumbSchemaScriptAlgorithmHeuristic
- 46. Multiple ChoiceInability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purposeMental setFunctional FixednessBias
- 47. Multiple ChoiceConfirmation bias refers to the tendency to:Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoningCling to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discreditedSearch randomly through alternative solutions when problem solvingLook for information that is consistent with one’s beliefs
- 48. Multiple ChoiceThe term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:CognitionLearningPerceptionSensation
- 49. Multiple ChoiceA prototype is a:Step-by-step procedure for solving problemsMental grouping of similar objects, events or peopleBest example of a particular categorySimple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently
- 50. Multiple ChoiceMarilyn was asked to solve a series of five math problems. The first four problems could only be solved by a particular sequence of operations. The fifth problem could also be solved following this sequence; however, a much simpler solution was possible. Marilyn did not realize this simpler solution and solved the problem in the way she had solved the first four. Her problem-solving strategy was hampered byFunctional fixednessThe overconfidence phenomenonA mental setHer lack of a prototype for the solution
- 51. Multiple ChoiceNoam Chomsky's language theory included the idea that:Language development occurs between the ages of three and fiveChildren learn language through positive and negative reinforcementChildren model language development from those around themChildren have an innate mental grammar
- 52. Multiple ChoiceDuring her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the meaning of the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms ofautomatic processing.priming.the serial position effect.the spacing effect.
- 53. Multiple Choice“The magical number seven, plus or minus two” refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory.short-termexplicitimplicitsensory
- 54. Multiple ChoiceFill-in-the-blank test questions measure ________; matching concepts with their definitions measures ________.recall; recognitionrecognition; relearningrecall; relearningrecognition; rehearsal
- 55. Multiple ChoiceAfter studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry material that he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustratesretroactive interference.proactive interference.source amnesia.the spacing effect.
- 56. Multiple ChoiceDaniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter d. To complete this task Daniel would rely onthe availability heuristic.divergent thinking.framing.convergent thinking.
- 57. Multiple ChoiceThe various vowel sounds that can be placed between a t and an n produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent differentprototypes.semantics.morphemes.phonemes.
- 58. Multiple ChoiceIn the words “helped” and “called,” the “ed” ending is a(n)prototype.morpheme.syntax.algorithm.
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