Inverse care

cheap care

Impoverishing care

Unsafe care

Misdirected care

Incrementalism

Game Theory

Public Choice Theory

The individual theory

Kingdon-Garbage Can Model

Incrementalism: Public policy as variations on the past

Rationalism: Public policy as maximum social gain

Process Model: Public policy as integrated process

Institutionalism: Public policy as institutional output

Group Theory: Public policy as group equilibrium

Who participates in policy making?

How are policy decisions made?

Why did the participates make policy decisions?

What are the underlying assumptions of the theory?

What are the consequences for the general public?

Identify problems or issues as worthy of attention

Prevent problems or issues being considered

Shape the design of proposed policies

Develop the strategies through which policies are developed and implemented

Block the implementation

A code of ethics for public health clarifies the distinctive elements of public health and the ethical principles that follow.

Last option is wrong

It makes clear to populations and communities the ideals of the public health institutions that serve them.

A code of ethics thus serves as a goal to guide public health institutions and practitioners and as a standard to which they can be held accountable.

Codes of ethics are typically relatively brief; they are not

designed to provide a means of untangling convoluted ethical issues.

A purpose statement

Applicability and scope

implementation method

Responsibilities

Definitions

Situational factors

Structural factors

Cultural factors

International and exogenous factors

economic factors

Community

Process

Content

Context

Actors

monitoring

review the implementation

assessment of the policy

criticism

analysing

Workplace: influencing workplace policy, procedures, funding allocation decisions, and practice models.

Government: influencing local, state and national policy and legislation.

In policy, politic is associated with community control.

Professional: organizations: influencing the setting of standards, licensure, and credentialing.

Community: influencing through engagement in community activities such as environmental groups, child care groups, etc.

Consensus

Rule of law

Competition

Monitoring

Inclusion & Governance

The financial

The legislature

The bureaucracy

The executive

The judiciary

High number of customers

Lack of competition or Rising service costs

Barriers to entry and exit

Restricted flow of information

Externalities and social cost

Infectious diseases

Cross-border travelling

Employment – work-force

Communication technologies

Money movements

Externalities and social cost

Inability to define social welfare

Inability to define social welfare

Legal constraints

Limits to democracy and the paradox of voting

public agenda

agenda universe

systemic agenda

istitutional agenda

decision agenda

Streams of policy process;

- the problem stream

Streams of policy process;

- the politics stream

Streams of policy process;

- the policy stream

Agenda-setting opportunities – known as policy windows

Kingdon model matrix is important

Legitimacy is part of the model

Feasibility is part of the model

Support is part of the model

Legitimacy is a characteristic of issues with which governments believe they should be concerned and in which they have a right or even obligation to intervene.

Feasibility refers to the potential for monitoring the policy.

By understanding the way in which power operates, we are better able to enforce accountability for the decisions made by our governing bodies

Power is a complex notion involving political forces – power is used in various ways in order to push certain agendas

Policy-making in high-income countries is affected a great deal by international socio-political forces

The national health policies of developing nations are shaped through the engagement of local governments by a global network of actors

Technical expertise is the important actors to improve in low-income countries.

Done at central level

Some things, they become a high priority because of funding

Sometimes things get funded because they become a high enough priority

Often focus on local issue

MDGs often take precedence even over national determination or need

objective identification

policy formulation

policy adoption

policy implementation

policy evaluation

Technocrats: Knowledge

Politicians: Power

Interest Groups: Lobbyist

Bureaucrats: Institutions

Donors: Influence

data generation

data gathering

data communication

data analysis

data compilation

Public Health Surveillance

Hospital Medical Records

National health accounts

Health policy and regulations

Services availability and readiness assessment

original research

Quantitative research

Qualitative research

Mixed-methods research

Secondary research

publication patents vs policy practice

mathematical symbols vs acronyms

long time to do one research vs answers are needed quickly

the whole career is in one specific area vs move rapidly among files

inefficient with the financing vs efficient with the financing

Absence of personal contact between scientists and policy makers

Political instability or high turnover of policy making staff

Poor quality of research

Power and budget struggles

Mutual mistrust between scientists and policy makers

Pareto chart

Cause and Effect tree

Check Sheets

Problem Tree

Fishbone diagram

Decision Tree

Problem Tree

Ishikawa

Objective Tree

Check Sheets

Focuses on qualitative data

Use to identify which situations are most common

Often known as “The 80/20 Rule"

is a chart that contains both bars and a line graph

It is easy to see that the major complaint or problem

Proplem sheet

Checking tool

Check diagram

Check Sheet

Problem dicision sheet

What is the burden of disease?

Why does the burden persist?

What is the present resource flow for that disease/risk?

How cost-effective could future interventions be?

Why cost-effective are present interventions?

Legislative changes or requirements

Information Monitoring System data

Review of systems; e.g.. accreditation, clinical audit

Response to high risk incident

Old evidence

Technocrats; epidemiologists, physicians, public health specialists

Bureaucrats; Administrators, managers, policy analysts, and economists

Donors: WHO, UNICEF, UNDP, UNHCR

Politicians: ministers, members of Parliament, members of the cabinet

Interest Groups; (insiders / Outsiders) Consumers / NGOs / Community leaders/ Media

Technocrats: Provide information and remain involved in program planning.

Interest groups: Advocate for action on the policy and work through NGOs and organizations representing civil society

Bureaucrats: Involved in developing the enabling legislation.

Politicians: Involved in legislation; allocate the funding for implementation.

Donors: often play a major role in funding and setting program priorities.

The Policy Formulation, and Dissemination

Social, Political, and Economic Context

Leadership for Policy Implementation

Stakeholder Involvement in Policy Implementation

Efficiency planning and resources gathering

Needs assessment

Process evaluation

Feseability analysis

Effectiveness

Efficiency

Meeting minutes and books and materials

Diaries/journals

Open-ended surveys

Holistic Evaluation

Transcripts of interviews and focus groups

Do nothing (Inaction)

Minor modifications

Major modifications

Termination

All of the above

Quantitative method

Qualitative method

Case study

Statistical analysis and servey analysis

Model building

all society value preference/weight

all consequences

all alternative policy

calculate the benefits to cost for each alternatives

select most effective policy alternative

Benefited only specific group

Policy makers not motivated to make decision on the basis of societl benefits

Heavy consequences/outputs of all alternatives

Segmental/departmentation - lacking on cooperation

Information/data - limited

Are influential, valued groups affected?

Are vulnerable subgroups disproportionately, negatively affected?

Are there equity issues?

Is the problem an individual problem or societal problem?

What is the problem costing individuals, groups, society as a whole?

Increase variables to get more data

Simplify real situation

Understandable

Provide direction of analysis

Save time

Interest group and Pressure group

Pressure group

Civic society

Stakeholder and Lobbyist

Interest group, Pressure group, and Civic society