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- 1. Multiple Choice
A lion in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food treat.
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
- 2. Multiple ChoiceIvan Pavlov has been credited with the initial discovery ofoperant conditioning.reinforcementclassical conditioning.vicarious conditioning.
- 3. Multiple ChoiceIn a classic experiment, "Little Albert," a very young boy, was conditioned to be afraid of a rat. He also became fearful of white furry rabbits and bearded men. This is an example ofclassical conditioning.higher order conditioning.reinforcement.operant conditioning.
- 4. Multiple ChoiceWhich form of learning would most likely be studied in an operant chamber (Skinner box)?classical conditioningvicarious conditioningoperant conditioningconditioned emotional responses
- 5. Multiple ChoiceIn John Watson's "Little Albert" experiment, what was the UCS?The white ratAnything white and furryThe loud noiseFear
- 6. Multiple ChoiceWhen Pavlov placed food in the mouth's of dogs, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) ________.unconditioned stimulusunconditioned responseconditioned responseconditioned stimulus
- 7. Multiple ChoiceJohn Watson and his colleague, Rosalie Rayner, offered a live white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the _____________ in their study.discriminative stimulusconditioned stimulusunconditioned stimulusextinguished stimulus
- 8. Multiple Choice
An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can exchange it for privileges/treats:
law of effect
token economy
operant chamber
primary reinforcer
- 9. Multiple Choice
In Pavlov's experiment, the salivating to the sound of a bell is a(n)
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
- 10. Multiple ChoiceWhen learning first takes place, we would say that __ has occurred.AcquisitionExtinctionSpontaneous RecoveryDiscrimination
- 11. Multiple Choice
The learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that does not signal a CR is called
Classical Conditioning
Stimulus Discrimination
Stimulus Generalization
Extinction
- 12. Multiple Choice
BF Skinner, with his pigeons, studied learning that occurs due to reward and punishment
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Learning
Taste Aversion
- 13. Multiple ChoiceThe reinforcer, such as food, that gets the organism to continue a behavior is called __.Positive ReinforcementPrimary ReinforcerSecondary ReinforcerClassical Conditioning
- 14. Multiple ChoiceA little girl gets to eat dessert because she finished all the food on her plate. This is an example of:Positive punishmentNegative punishmentPositive ReinforcementNegative Reinforcement
- 15. Multiple ChoiceWhen shaping a behavior, you would couple a treat with, "good dog" to get your pet to sit. The "good dog" is considered __.Negative ReinforcementPrimary ReinforcerSecondary Reinforcer
- 16. Multiple ChoiceAnything that seeks to continue a desired behavior by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of undesired stimulus is called __.Negative ReinforcementPunishmentPositive ReinforcementPartial Reinforcement
- 17. Multiple Choice
Small successive steps taken to get an organism to learn a desired behavior is called __.
Shaping
Continuous Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement
- 18. Multiple Choice
Giving a treat to your dog every time it rolls over is called __.
Continuous Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement
Operant Conditioning
Negative Reinforcement
- 19. Multiple ChoiceWho linked taste aversions with classical conditioning?BanduraPavlovGarciaSkinner
- 20. Multiple ChoiceWhen grocery shopping with his mother, 4-year-old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother shouldthreaten to punish Hakim if he continues his tantrumsoffer to buy the snack food Hakim wants only if he quiets down and behaves himself.continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums.return any snack foods that are already in her cart to the store shelves.
- 21. Multiple ChoiceCertain behaviors are more easily learned by some species of animals than by others. This best illustrates the importance ofpartial reinforcement.spontaneous recovery.biological constraints.the law of effect.
- 22. Multiple ChoiceThe view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes was calledpsychoanalysis.behaviorism.cognitive neuroscience.
- 23. Multiple ChoiceThe views of learning advanced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson underestimated the importance ofspontaneous recovery.cognitive processes.associative learning.discrimination.
- 24. Multiple ChoiceStudies of latent learning highlight the importance ofrespondent behavior.spontaneous recovery.cognitive processes.conditioned reinforcers.
- 25. Multiple ChoiceMirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis forthe law of effect.spontaneous recovery.observational learning.extrinsic motivation.
- 26. Multiple ChoiceWhen Little Albert generalized his fear of the white rat that meanthe feared all furry thingshe distinguished between the bell and the gonghe learned the association between the gong and the rathe suddenly feared rats after successful extinction
- 27. Multiple ChoiceCarly used to feel nausea when going to McDonalds because she associated the food with illness. After a few good meals there, she no longer feels the nausea. Which prinicple?spontaneous recoveryextinctionsecond-order conditioninggeneralization
- 28. Multiple ChoiceMariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer. This year she took swimming lessons and thought she had finally overcome her fear of water. She was eagerly looking forward to an upcoming rafting trip, however, as soon as she stepped onto the raft she was instantly terrified again.extinctiongeneralizationspontaneous recoveryobservational learning
- 29. Multiple ChoiceParents say, “I’m taking away your phone because you failed Chemistry.” Parents are usingpositive punishmentnegative punishmentpositive reinforcementclassical conditioning
- 30. Multiple ChoiceMany psychologists refer to Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment to illustrate howteens conform to fashion fadsintroverted personalities succeed in high schoolexposure to violent TV and games cause violent behaviorabused women justify staying with their husbands
- 31. Multiple ChoiceYour teenaged daughter has not cleaned her room in a month. You go in and begin yelling at her to clean her room. She begins to clean up, and you stop yelling. Your daughter's cleaning behavior can be viewed as responding toclassical conditioningpositive reinforcementpunishersnegative reinforcement
- 32. Multiple ChoiceMarie works in a dress factory where she earns $10 for each three dresses she hems. Marie is paid on avariable ratiofixed intervalfixed ratiovariable interval
- 33. Multiple ChoiceCharlie gets paid on the 15th of every month. He is reinforced on a ___ schedulefixed ratiofixed intervalvariable intervalvariable ratio
- 34. Multiple ChoiceSlot machines work on a _____ reinforcement schedulefixed ratiovariable ratiovariable intervalfixed interval
- 35. Multiple ChoiceYou could receive a text message at any random time. You are reinforced on a ______schedule of reinforcementfixed ratiovariable ratiovariable intervalfixed interval
- 36. Multiple Choice
Kohler studied chimps solving problems with no visible effort. He studied these "sudden insights" He studied
observational learning
insight learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
- 37. Multiple Choice
According to Thorndike's ____, behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Learned helplessness
Law of Effect
Law of latent learning
Principle of partial reinforcement
- 38. Multiple ChoiceWhich takes longer to acquire, but is less prone to extinction?continuous reinforcementpartial (intermittent) reinforcement
- 39. Multiple Choice_______ is the adaptive process through which experience modifies pre-existing behavior and understanding.ConditioningLearningMemoryReinforcement
- 40. Multiple ChoiceClassical conditioning is a learning procedure in which associations are made between a _____ stimulus and a(n) _____ stimulus. An example is pairing the bell with the light.neutral; conditionedconditioned; unconditionedconditioned; reconditionedneutral; unconditioned
- 41. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following best describes the findings of Martin Seligman's experiment with dogs?The unharnessed dogs never learned to associate the tone with the shock that followed.The harnessed and the unharnessed dogs both escaped the shock when they heard the tone.The harnessed and the unharnessed dogs did not try to escape the shock because they had learned to be helpless.The harnessed dogs learned there was nothing they could do to escape the shock. Even when escape was possible, the dogs did nothing because they had learned to be helpless.
- 42. Multiple ChoiceChris has failed English class repeatedly and has now stopped trying because he believes the situation is uncontrollable. This is an example of:learned helplessness.observational learning.learned laziness.behavior modification.
- 43. Multiple ChoiceIn Edward Tolman’s maze study, the first group of rats was reinforced each time they solved the maze. The second group of rats only received reinforcement the eleventh day of the study. The second group of rats solved the maze far more quickly than the rats in the first group. Which of the following is true regarding the second group of rats?They were much smarter than the rats in the first group.They demonstrated latent learning. They had learned the maze in the first ten days, they had just not had a reason to demonstrate it.They had the opportunity to cheat by watching the rats in the first group.They had a better cognitive map than the rats in the first group.
- 44. Multiple ChoiceWhen you are asked to provide directions to your home, you are most likely using:operant conditioningobservational learninga cognitive maplearned helplessness
- 45. Multiple ChoiceIn Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment, a majority of the children used the same violent techniques on the Bobo Doll they had seen the adults perform in the video. This is an example of:cognitive learning.innate aggressive desires.observational learning.learned helplessness.
- 46. Multiple ChoiceA little girl gets spanked by her mom for throwing a temper tantrum in the grocery store. This is an example of:positive reinforcementnegative reinforcementpositive punishmentnegative punishment
- 47. Multiple Choice
Stella enjoys reading. In English class, students begin receiving gift certificates for each chapter they read. As the class progresses, Stella finds she enjoys reading less. This illustrates
overjustification
habituation
extinction
stimulus generalization
- 48. Multiple Choice
According to the ____, if one thing reliably predicts another a conditioned response will be acquired.
token economy
spontaneous recovery
contingencies of reinforcement
law of effect
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