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- 1. Multiple ChoiceLevels of this pollutant have gone down since they removed this as a gasoline additiveleadmercuryradoniron
- 2. Multiple ChoiceThis comes from the decay of uranium in underlying bedrock and can cause cancerradonleadcopperiron
- 3. Multiple ChoiceWhich is NOT linked to lung cancer?cigarette smokeradonasbestoscopper sulfate
- 4. Multiple ChoiceSushi containing fish higher in the food chain (tuna, grouper, sea bass, etc.) could cause health risks due to bioaccumulation ofleadradonmercuryasbestos
- 5. Multiple ChoiceWhich region would you expect to contain the most methane hydrates that could contribute to global climate change?Anything near the arcticCentral AmericaAustralia and New ZealandNear the editerranian
- 6. Multiple ChoiceWhich region of the world has exported the most petroleum over the last few decades?Middle eastUSAChinaUnited Kingdom
- 7. Multiple ChoiceWhich areas have NOT experienced loss in tropical rain forests?Southwest AfricaEastern South AmericaSouth East AsiaWestern Europe
- 8. Multiple ChoiceTornadoes have the highest prevalence in which area?United StatesArgentinaSouth AfricaAustralia
- 9. Multiple ChoiceAnthropogenic climate change has resulted in the largest average annual temperature change inarctic regionsdesert regionssavannastropical rainforests
- 10. Multiple ChoiceSeafloor spreading creates new crust ata divergent plate boundary (usually middle of the ocean)convergent plate boundaryfault lineall of these
- 11. Multiple ChoiceWhich biome would have the highest diversity of tree and animal species?tropical rain foresttundradesertseasonal grassland
- 12. Multiple ChoiceWhich country would likely be experiencing population growth? TFR=total fertility rateCountry A, TFR=2.1Country B, TFR=3.7Country C, TFR=1.3All of these countries since TRF is above 1.0
- 13. Multiple ChoiceA country with a total fertility rate (TFR) of around 7 probablyis a developed country with higher education available for womenis a developing country with limited education opportunities for womenWill experience a decrease in total population over the next 15 yearsalso has a life expectancy of 80 years for men and women
- 14. Multiple ChoiceThe sun has an impact on all of the following EXCEPTplate tectonics and continental driftocean currents and gyreshurricanes and tropical stormscloud formation
- 15. Multiple ChoicePhytoplankton live near the surface of the water becausethey eat krill which only are abundant near the surface of the waterthere are less predators near the surface of the oceansunlight cannot reach great depths and they need it for photosynthesisthey are blown there from the land and end up floating on the surface of the water until they are consumed
- 16. Multiple ChoiceCatalytic converters were added to cars in the 70s to reduce which pollutant?carbon dioxidecarbon monoxideparticulate mattermethane
- 17. Multiple ChoiceA hybrid vehicle uses _______________ while a fuel cell vehicle uses __________________.an internal combustion engine and battery, hydrogen to generate electricityhydrogen to generate electricity, an internal combustion engine and batteryethanol, hydrogen to generate electricityan internal combustion engine and battery, methane or natural gas
- 18. Multiple ChoiceWhich type of soil would be used for the liner of a landfill?soil high in gravelsoil high in sandsoil high in claysoil high in silt
- 19. Multiple Choice
Which would be classified as "loam"?Sand: 40, Silt: 40, Clay: 20Sand: 60, Silt: 10, Clay: 30Sand: 20, Silt: 50, Clay: 30Sand: 50, Silt: 10, Clay: 40 - 20. Multiple ChoiceLA and Mexico City frequently experience smog partly because they sit in a valley and are more prone tothermal inversionstheory of island biogeographyhaving a lower albedousing higher concentration of CFCs
- 21. Multiple ChoiceThe Ogallala aquifer is located ___________ and is at risk of _______________.Eastern Europe, completely drying out due to diverting water for agricultureMidwest United States, depletion from over consumptionFiji islands, saltwater intrusion due to pumping artesian wells too rapidlySub Saharan Africa, depletion from climate change
- 22. Multiple ChoiceThe juniper tree only thrives in the cold, dry conditions of China. Global climate change is likelyto kill all of the juniper trees immediatelyto decrease the numbers, but also force juniper trees to grow north toward Russiaallow juniper trees to increase their total population and extend their range south toward Indonesiaall of these are equally likely if the global temperatures increase
- 23. Multiple ChoiceThe arctic ice could experience which of the following positive feedback loops?ice melts, ocean water increases in temperature, more ice meltsice melts, ocean water decreases in temperature, more ice meltsice melts, ocean water decreases in temperature, less ice meltsice melts, ocean water increases in temperature, less ice melts
- 24. Multiple ChoiceWhich tree species probably grows best with full sunlight?tulip poplarwhite oaksugar maplebeech
- 25. Multiple ChoiceWhich community shows the greatest species richness?community 1community 2it is the same for bothneither has species richness
- 26. Multiple ChoiceWhich is the best explanation of a Hadley cell?Warm air rises at the equator, cools, sinks at 30 degrees and warms back up to create desertscool air rises at the equator, gains moisture, and falls back down to earth around 30 degrees to create rain forestscool air rises at 30 degrees, loses moisture, then falls back down to earth at 60 degrees and creates Boreal forestsnone of these
- 27. Multiple ChoiceAll of the following are examples of hazardous waste exceptoil-based paintsbatteriesinsect repellent and bug spraysoap and shampoo
- 28. Multiple ChoiceWhat is the difference between hybrid and fully electric vehicles?hybrids use their brakes to help charge the battery and use a combination of gas and batteryfully electric vehicles use the sun's energy from photovoltaic panels on the carhybrid vehicles can run on either gasoline or ethanolfully electric vehicles run on either battery power or hydrogen
- 29. Multiple ChoiceWhy are there higher rates of extinction on smaller, isolated islands compared to larger islands closer to the mainland?smaller islands have less predators than larger islandssmaller islands have less available resourcessmaller islands further away from the mainland usually receive less human activity/disruptionlarger islands create more space between organisms and they sometimes can't find each other to mate
- 30. Multiple ChoiceMost organisms experience logistic growth. The point where the growth levels off is calleddensity independent factor linecarrying capacityexponential growth modelline of best fit
- 31. Multiple ChoiceN2 is taken from the atmosphere and converted to ammonium ______ by bacteria on the roots of legumes, converted to _____ and _____ before being denitrified back into N2.NH4, NO2, NO3NO2, NO3, NH4NH4, N2, NH3NH3, N2, NO2
- 32. Multiple ChoiceApplying herbicide to crops kills weeds. However, after many generations of use there are actually more weeds than before. How is this possible?The weeds were able to change their DNA and become a different type of speciesUse of herbicides selected for resistant weeds over timeThe farmer must have used less of the herbicides with each generationMore herbicide use results in increased growth of crops, but not in weeds
- 33. Multiple ChoiceWhat is one concern with genetically modified crops?they could lead to decreased genetic diversitythey could increase yield and require less land to grow the same amount of foodGM crops are only able to grow in the perfect soil conditionsRunoff from GM crops can pollute water systems with increased levels of nitrogen and pesticides
- 34. Multiple ChoiceAmphibians are often affected more by chemicals such as pesticides becauseamphibians often eat chemicals and mistake them for foodthe chemicals act as endocrine disruptors and can get into their porous skinamphibians reproduce very slowly and their young are easily affectedamphibians live in the water and are more prone to the runoff than fish
- 35. Multiple ChoiceThe recent decrease in coal use is most likely due tothe increasing availability of renewable energy and natural gascoal reserves are almost depletedmost countries have realized how dirty coal is and have shifted entirely to renewable energycoal use has actually increased recently
- 36. Multiple ChoiceThe population pyramid for Japan showsa negative future growth ratepositive future growth ratemost of the population is 20 years or youngermost of the population is over 70 years of age
- 37. Multiple ChoiceAll of the following are disadvantages of nuclear power EXCEPTno CO2 is emittednuclear power plants are expensive to buildradioactive waste is produced and difficult to dispose of properlyuranium is unlimited and a renewable resource
- 38. Multiple ChoiceAdding ____________ to soil can help neutralize a lower pH.limestonegravelwaterfertilizer
- 39. Multiple ChoiceThe population growth rate is expected to decline because ofincreased access to birth controlincreased women entering the workforcecountries making an effort to stay at or below replacement level fertilityall of these
- 40. Multiple ChoiceEl Nino conditionsprevent upwelling of colder waters along the west coast of S. America which prevents fish from coming closer to the surface as wellsends warm weather patterns from the eastern United States to western Europeis directly causing most of the ice in the arctic regions to melt at extremely fast ratescan easily be predicted
- 41. Multiple ChoiceWhy is the open ocean considered one of the most productive areas for biodiveristy?phytoplankton and other smaller organisms are abundant and feed entire foodchainsthere is little to no competition between speciesopen oceans are not susceptible to things like climate change or pollution at allnone of these
- 42. Multiple ChoiceThe impact of a suburban neighborhood on a nearby creek would most likely behigher levels of suspended soils and sediments which would destroy marine habitatbiomagnification of lead and radon in the drinking water which would kill top predators and humanscontamination of drinking water by VOCs such as ozonewater that has extremely high levels of human and animal waste
- 43. Multiple ChoiceWhich is most likely the reason that Darwin's finches were similar genetically, but had different beak sizes and shapes?each bird chose which type of beak would be best suited for its environmentthe birds had different beaks to begin with and just traveled to the island that made the best use of their beakselective pressure was placed on the birds by the environment and the types of foods readily available on each islandnone of these
- 44. Multiple ChoiceA couple replaces their 4 gallon-per-minute showerhead with a 2 gallon-per-minute one. If they each take an average 10 minute shower daily, how much water would they save in a month?1200 gallons40 gallons280 gallons1000 gallons
- 45. Multiple ChoiceWhat is hydraulic fracturing (fracking)?pumping water and chemicals underground to create pathways to release oil and gasthumper trucks smash into the ground to create a controlled earthquake and release methane deposits that can be collected and used for fuelthe capture of volatile organic compounds from smokestacks and tailpipes to reduce greenhouse gas emissionsa process to treat and remove acid deposition from abandoned mine sites by adding neutralizing chemicals
- 46. Multiple ChoiceWhich describes a country's change in demographics as it begins to transition from a preindustrial to to industrial state?pop decreases rapidly, birth rate declines, death rate increasespop increases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate increases rapidlypop increases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate decreasepop decreases, birth rate remains high, death rate increases dramatically
- 47. Multiple ChoiceAll of the following would be considered negative externalities EXCEPTdeveloping an upper respiratory infection from living in a densely populated cityinsects pollinating fruits and vegetablesincreased release of methane as a result of raising beef cattlehigher levels of E. coli in drinking water reservoirs after periods of increased rainfall
- 48. Multiple ChoiceSurface oceanic circulation can result inrapid rates of coral bleaching that can destroy large portions of habitat for many organismsdecreased productivity of phytoplankton and an overall increase in aquatic ecosystemsdistribution of heat from region to regionglobal warming that could melt much of the sea and land ice which would decrease sea levels dramatically
- 49. Multiple ChoiceThe half life for this substance would be closest to6.5 seconds3.5 secondsmore than 16 seconds8 seconds
- 50. Multiple ChoiceAlgal blooms and eutrophication are usually caused byincreased N and P from agricultural runoff from fertilizersthe average increase in temperature globallythe thermohaline circulationCO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels
- 51. Multiple ChoiceA LD50 study on the impact of mercury on the health of mice was conducted. Which of the following is true of the setup of the study?in the control group, mercury is given to sunflowers instead of micethe independent variable is the concentration of mercurythe dependent variable is the number of mice that dieindependent and dependent variables are both correct
- 52. Multiple ChoiceA major downside to solar energy is thatit cannot reliably produce as much electricity on cloudy daysit is relatively cheap to manufacture and maintainsolar energy releases much more particulate matter than any other energy sourceit can only be used for large scale businesses and buildings
- 53. Multiple ChoiceAll of the following are anthropogenic sources of nitrogen pollution EXCEPTdischarge of sewage into surface waterscommercial fertilizersvehicle exhaust and industrial air pollutiondisposal of refrigeration units including air conditioners
- 54. Multiple ChoiceBurning one gallon of gasoline releases approximately 10 pounds of CO2. What is the difference in CO2 emissions if two cars both travel 20,000 miles, but car 1 gets 40 mpg and car 2 get 20 mpg?10,000-5,000 = 5,000 pound difference10,000+5,000= 15,000 pound difference1,000-500 (2) = 1,000 pound difference400-200 (20,000) = 4 million pound difference
- 55. Multiple ChoiceWhich would promote fertility above replacement level for a country currently below 2.1 children per woman?increased education and availability of birth control, especially for teenagerstax breaks for families with more than 2 childrena two-child policytax breaks and incentives for families with less than 2 children
- 56. Multiple ChoiceThe Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 resulted inphasing out of CFCs in developed countriesdecreasing use of 12 persistent organic pollutantscompanies being able to buy and sell SO2 pollution allowancesstrict regulation of fertilizers that large-scale agriculture could buy and use
- 57. Multiple ChoiceAn APES student is concerns with a new cattle farm just north of her neighborhood that is next to the river that runs next to her house. What should she test for to see if the manure is getting into the river or not?levels of chromium directly downstream of the new farmnitrate and phosphate levels above, at, and below where the farm is locatedammonium levels above, at, and below stream from the farmpH levels above, at, and below where the farm is located
- 58. Multiple ChoiceE. coli (fecal coliform bacteria)exists naturally in the intestine of animals, but is an indicator that there might be human or animal waste in the substance being testedcan cause death if ingested directlyonly exist in extreme environments, such as volcanic vents deep underwateris an indicator that oil and gas might be polluting a body of water
- 59. Multiple ChoiceMercury most likely enters the environment viacoal-burning emissionsmedical waste incineratorsorganic fertilizersmunicipal solid waste
- 60. Multiple ChoiceThe A horizon typically is _______ in carbon and nitrogen while the B horizon are generally _______ in carbon and nitrogen.poor, richrich, poorpoor, poorrich, rich
- 61. Multiple ChoiceEutrophication can result in death for certain fish due tolack of dissolved oxygen in the waterextremely high levels of dissolved oxygen in the watertoxic levels of lead in the water from nearby farmspH well above the range of tolerance that many fish species can survive
- 62. Multiple ChoicePower plants that burn coal are not paying the true cost of energy production becausethey pay more taxes than plants that use MSW or natural gaspublic health costs as a result of burning coal are not factored inmonthly fees do not include transporation of massive amounts of coal to and from the refineriesbills don't include the marketing and advertising for coal-powered electricity
- 63. Multiple ChoiceWhich is an example of a "carbon sink"?organic matter deposited on the deep ocean floorclear-cutting rainforestsburning fossil fuels and releasing ancient and stored carbon into the atmosphererelease of particulate matter that ends up on reflective surfaces over time
- 64. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is trueChina has a higher population growth rate than most of AfricaAustralia has a higher population growth rate than MexicoSpain has a higher population growth rate than BrazilIndia has a greater population growth rate than the United States
- 65. Multiple ChoiceHydraulic fracturing (fracking) is most likely to result in which of the following environmental problems?ozone depletioncontamination of groundwater by fracking chemicalsdeforestationeutrophication of rivers and streams due to the fracking chemicals
- 66. Multiple ChoiceA farmer suspects that his cattle grazing in fields next to his farm might be helping prevent an invasive weed from growing. How could he conduct an experiment to prove this?count the number of weeds that each cattle eats on a daily basiscompare weed survivorship in fields where his cattle graze vs where they don'tput tracking devices on the cattle to monitor where they eat vs where they sleepintroduce another species of weed to the cattle field and see if the population increases or decreases over a year
- 67. Multiple ChoiceK-selected speciesproduce few offspring, but with high levels of parental careproduce many offspring, but with low levels of parental carehave medium levels of offspring produced as well as parental carenone of these
- 68. Multiple Choice60 % of MSW in the United States could be composted. Every American generates 2kg of MSW daily. After 1 month, how many kgs could be composted by the average American?36 kg60 kg8.4 kg27.3 kg
- 69. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is NOT likely to result from increased temperatures in the Arctic region?decreased sea levels with could lead to more usable land for agricultureincreased range of mosquitoes which could relocate populations of people and animalsincreased melting of permafrost that could alter habitats and release more methane into the atmospheremore travel routes for humans, but increased likelihood of polar bears becoming extinct
- 70. Multiple ChoiceThe differences in net primary productivity between biomes is due to differences in all of the following EXCEPTtemperatureprecipitaionlongitude
- 71. Multiple ChoiceAll of the following would increase concentration of ground-level ozone in a city EXCEPTdecrease in the emissions of ntirogen oxidessunny days along with thermal inversionsrelease of VOCs into the air of the cityrelease of CFCs into the air of city
- 72. Multiple ChoiceWhich place would experience 24 hours of daylight on December 21?Greenland and IcelandAntarcticaEcuador (0 degrees latitude)Russia
- 73. Multiple ChoiceBioaccumulationhappens exclusively in marine mammals and is the reason that the Marine Mammal Protection Act was passedis the transfer of persistent pollutants from one generation to the nextcan only happen with water soluble chemicals such as mercuryis when the absorption of a substance happens at a greater rate than the elimination of the same substance in an organism
- 74. Multiple ChoiceWhat is tragedy of the commons?when chemicals travel up the food chain and pile up in the fatty tissue of larger mammalswhen people over harvest an area that is not privately owned and tend to take more than the environment can successfully replace on its ownwhen there is a global problem, but everyone sees it as "everyone else's problem"people tend to feel a greater responsibility to protect land or sea that belongs to everyone compared to if it belongs to an individual or company
- 75. Multiple ChoiceWhich correctly links a negative human health effect to an anthropogenic source?increased rates of respiratory disease from power plant emissionshigher rates of asthma from tradgedy of the commons and over harvesting fishhigher rates of skin cancer in areas with sewage treatment plantshigher rates of obesity in developing countries compared to developed countries
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