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- 1. Multiple ChoiceStaying up especially late on weekends is most likely to have an influence on:the circadian rhythm.narcolepsysleep apneaseasonal affective disorder.
- 2. Multiple ChoiceA modern theory of dreams suggests that dreams help us to fix the day’s experiences into memories. This is known as the ___________ theory of dreams.information processingphysiological functionactivation-synthesiscognitive developmental
- 3. Multiple ChoiceCarrie’s EEG shows sleep spindles. Which stage of sleep is she in?NREM 1NREM 2NREM 3REM
- 4. Multiple ChoiceUntil reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious attention, or selective attention, illustrates thatconsciousness is easily understood and defined.conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds.the definition of consciousness is constantly evolving.advances in neuroscience make it possible to relate brain activity to our mental states.
- 5. Multiple ChoiceA modern theory of dreams suggests that dreams help us to fix the day’s experiences into memories. This is known as the ___________ theory of dreams.information processingphysiological functionactivation-synthesiscognitive developmental
- 6. Multiple ChoiceThe social influence theory of hypnosis receives support from evidence that:behaviors produced through hypnotic procedures can also be produced without them.hypnotized subjects have a hidden observer.easily hypnotized individuals have difficulty focusing attention on their own thoughts and feelingsvery few people are at all responsive to hypnotic suggestions.
- 7. Multiple ChoiceYour young child wakes up a few nights per month seemingly in a panic. She sits up in bed screaming and crying. You rush in to calm her and to see what is happening. The child usually returns to sleep and doesn’t remember this happening at all. What is the best explanation for this behavior?She may be exhibiting symptoms of early onset epilepsy.She has excessive anxiety during the day.She has too much sugar in her diet.She is probably experiencing night terrors, a fairly common event in early childhood.
- 8. Multiple ChoiceAlpha waves are associated with:NREM 1 sleep.NREM 2 sleep.NREM 3 sleepa relaxed but awake state
- 9. Multiple ChoiceBrad has been asleep for 3 hours. As he continues to sleep, we can expect that ________ sleep will diminish and that ________ sleep will increase in durationNREM 2; NREM 1NREM 1; NREM 2NREM 3; REMREM; NREM 2
- 10. Multiple ChoiceDeep sleep appears to play an important role in:narcolepsy.posthypnotic amnesia.physical growthsleep apnea
- 11. Multiple ChoiceThe divided‑consciousness theory of hypnosis states that hypnosis involves:role‑playing.dissociationparadoxical sleepmotivational conflict
- 12. Multiple ChoiceThe pituitary gland releases a growth hormone duringNREM-2 sleep.slow-wave sleep.paradoxical sleep.NREM-1 sleep.
- 13. Multiple ChoiceEddie, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Eddies's account represents the ________ content of his dream.manifestdissociatedlatentdelusional
- 14. Multiple ChoiceWhich theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?activation-synthesis theoryFreud's dream theorydissociation theorymemory-consolidation theory
- 15. Multiple ChoiceThe activation-synthesis theory best helps to explain whypeople often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep.most dreams are realistic portrayals of pleasant life events.dreams typically express unacceptable feelings in a symbolically disguised form.some people experience insomnia throughout their lives.
- 16. Multiple ChoiceResearch indicates that the percentage of total sleep spent in REM sleep is higher in ________ than in ________.artists; scientistsolder adults; adolescentsfemales; malesinfants; adults
- 17. Multiple ChoiceChemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.psychoactivehypnagogicneuroadaptivenarcoleptic
- 18. Multiple ChoiceAs oxygen deprivation just prior to death turns off the brain's inhibitory cells, neural activity increases in thevisual cortex.motor cortex.brainstem.cerebellum.
- 19. Multiple ChoiceThose who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance of:dissociation.REM sleep.biological rhythms.the menstrual cycle.
- 20. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is not a stimulant?amphetaminescaffeinenicotinealcohol
- 21. Multiple ChoiceWhich one of the following is NOT a universal characteristic of dreams in human beings?Lack of apparent sensory impressionsIllogical ContentUncritical Acceptance of DreamsIntense emotions
- 22. Multiple ChoiceWhat role does the reticular formation play in our conscious experience of the world around us?it allows us to maintain the arousal necessary to respond to sensory stimulusit integrates the various sensory stimulus into a seemless perception of conscioussnessit allows us to consciously envision a model of ourselves in the futureit gives rise to the emotional nature of our conscious experience
- 23. Multiple ChoiceHow is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?The hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland in the endocrine system to produce the hormone thyroxin, which leads you to sleep.In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleepDuring sleep the hypothalamus stimulates the production of free radicals, molecules that are toxic to neurons, which weakens unused connections.The action of the hypothalamus suppresses immune cell production that fights off viral infections and cancer.
- 24. Multiple ChoiceNightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.REM sleep; NREM-3 sleepnarcolepsy; sleep apneaNREM-3 sleep; NREM-2 sleepNREM-2 sleep; NREM-1 sleep
- 25. Multiple ChoiceAfter discovering that her usual route home was closed due to road repairs, Yepheth used her knowledge of the city and sense of direction to find an alternate route. This is an example of:latent learning.using a cognitive map.discrimination.shaping.
- 26. Multiple ChoiceResponse-stimulus associations are to ________ as stimulus-stimulus associations are to ________.latent learning; observational learningsecondary reinforcement; primary reinforcementoperant conditioning; classical conditioningclassical conditioning; operant conditioning
- 27. Multiple ChoiceExperiments have shown that children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy subsequently lose interest in the toy. These experiments provide an example of:spontaneous recovery.the overjustification effectobservational learning.respondent behavior.
- 28. Multiple ChoiceIf rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates:shaping.latent learning.spontaneous recovery.delayed reinforcement.
- 29. Multiple ChoiceOperant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.secondary reinforcerscognitive processesbiological predispositionsspontaneous recovery
- 30. Multiple ChoiceOn the first day of class Professor Prieto tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Prieto’s surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.fixed‑intervalfixed‑ratiovariable‑intervalvariable‑ratio
- 31. Multiple ChoiceIn Pavlov’s experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the UCS was:a tone.salivation to the sound of a tone.the presentation of food in the dog’s mouth.salivation to the food in the mouth.
- 32. Multiple ChoiceExtinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.UCR; CRCS; UCSUCS; UCRCS; UCR
- 33. Multiple ChoiceThe taste of food and the termination of painful electric shock are both ________ reinforcers.positiveprimarynegativeconditioned
- 34. Multiple ChoiceTony and Lilly sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Tony is paid $1.00 for every 5 calls he makes, while Lilly is paid 1 dollar for every subscription she sells, regardless of the number of calls she makes. Tonyl’s telephoning is reinforced on a ________ schedule, whereas Lilly’s is reinforced on a ________ schedule.variable‑ratio; fixed‑ratiofixed‑ratio; variable‑ratiofixed‑ratio; variable‑intervalfixed‑interval; variable‑ratio
- 35. Multiple ChoiceIt’s easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.primary reinforcersbiological predispositionsspontaneous recoverystimulus generalization
- 36. Multiple ChoiceFive‑year‑old Xavior is emotionally disturbed and has refused to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher has used the method of:latent learning.modelingdelayed reinforcement.shaping.
- 37. Multiple ChoiceAfter receiving her second ‘F’ on an AP Psychology unit exam, Maren claims that she is failing because Mr. Campbell doesn’t teach in a way that she understands. This explanation illustrates:an external locus of controllearned helplessnessan internal locus of controlrespondent conditioning
- 38. Multiple ChoiceAfter pondering an unfamiliar riddle for hours, Willow spontaneously solves the riddle without any clues or help from others. Her solution to the riddle best typifiesinsight learning.intrinsic motivation.imitation.spontaneous recovery.
- 39. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following statements concerning reinforcement is correct?Learning is most rapid with intermittent reinforcement, but continuous reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction.Learning is most rapid with continuous reinforcement, but intermittent reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction.Learning is fastest and resistance to extinction is greatest after continuous reinforcement.Learning is fastest and resistance to extinction is greatest following intermittent reinforcement.
- 40. Multiple ChoiceFor operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired response?immediately beforeimmediately afterat the same time asin any of the above sequences
- 41. Multiple ChoiceThe process of getting information into memory is called:primingencodingchunkingstorage
- 42. Multiple ChoiceThe process of retrieval refers to:getting information out of memory storage.conscious repetition of information to be rememberedthe persistence of learning over timethe organization of information into manageable units
- 43. Multiple ChoiceEffortful processing can only occur with:implicit memoryconscious attentionvisual imagerychunking
- 44. Multiple ChoiceSome information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memoryrepressed memorysensory memoryflashbulb memorylong-term memory
- 45. Multiple ChoiceThe integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity ofimplicit memory.iconic memory.proactive interference.working memory.
- 46. Multiple ChoiceIconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.short-term memory; long-term memoryexplicit memory; implicit memoryvisual stimulation; auditory stimulationautomatic processing; effortful processing
- 47. Multiple ChoiceDaniel was asked to write down as many words as he could think of that contained the letter d. To complete this task Daniel would rely ondivergent thinking.convergent thinking.the availability heuristic.framing.
- 48. Multiple ChoiceMost people take less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal because a cow more closely resembles their mammalprototype.hierarchy.heuristic.algorithm.
- 49. Multiple ChoiceA chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means ofan algorithm.the representativeness heuristic.fixation.the availability heuristic.
- 50. Multiple ChoiceAJ cites his cousin Mary's many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. He overlooks the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. AJ's prejudicial conclusion about women's driving skills best illustrates the effects ofalgorithms.confirmation bias.fixationthe framing effect
- 51. Multiple ChoiceCreed so frequently uses threats to get his children to help with household chores that he fails to recognize that using rewards would be more effective in gaining their cooperation. Creed's shortsightedness best illustratesthe representativeness heuristic.critical periods.a fixation.confirmation bias.
- 52. Multiple ChoiceA mental set is atendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past.mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people.methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.group of conclusions derived from certain assumptions or general principles.
- 53. Multiple ChoiceA mental set is most likely to inhibitcreativity.confirmation bias.belief perseverance.semantics.
- 54. Multiple ChoiceBlythe overestimates the proportion of family chores for which she takes sole responsibility because it's easier for her to recall what she has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact ofoverconfidence.the availability heuristic.fixation.overconfidence.
- 55. Multiple ChoiceWhich of the following is the best example of framing?A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contains 25 percent artificial ingredients.Xavior felt very certain that he knew all the concepts in Chapter 2, so he was surprised to get 65 percent on the exam.Shoua was locked out of hercar. She didn't think to use a coat hanger to unlock the door before calling the policeTara incorrectly believes that more Americans are killed each year by tornadoes than by lightning.
- 56. Multiple ChoiceMentally re-creating the mood that accompanied your original learning of course material is an effective way to activateretrieval cues.the spacing effect.iconic memory.retroactive interference.
- 57. Multiple ChoiceThe inability to remember events in one's life which occurred prior to a brain injury is known asretrograde amnesia.proactive interference.anterograde amnesia.proactive interference.
- 58. Multiple ChoiceOne effect of long-term potentiation is thata receiving neuron's receptor sites may increase.the memory trace can be tracked to specific sites in the brain.more neurons are added into a neural chain of memory.more glucose energy is made available to fuel brain activity.
- 59. Multiple ChoiceUnlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by thehippocampus.cerebellum.corpus callosum.hypothalamus.
- 60. Multiple ChoiceProactive interference refers to thedisruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.integration of current information into implicit memories.blocking of painful memories from conscious awareness.incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event.
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