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- 1. Multiple Choice
A model of a DNA molecule is shown in the picture. The arrow indicates -the bond between adjacent phosphate and deoxyribose moleculesthe junction of introns and exons in the sense strand of DNAthe hydrogen bond between complementary nucleotidesthe junction of a codon and a DNA triplet - 2. Multiple ChoiceCharacteristics such as a widow’s peak or attached earlobes are determined by the genetic code. Which components of DNA are referred to as the genetic code?Phosphate groupsNitrogenous basesDeoxyribose sugarsHydrogen bonds
- 3. Multiple ChoiceHow does DNA in cells determine an organism’s complex traits?DNA contains codes for proteins, which are necessary for the growth and functioning of an organism.DNA separates into long single strands that make up each part of an organism.DNA produces the energy an organism needs in order to grow.DNA folds into the nucleus of each of the cells of an organism.
- 4. Multiple ChoiceThe sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA varies widely. The sequence of the bases in DNA is most important for which of the following?Allowing the DNA to have the shape necessary for replicationProviding the instructions for the traits of an organismHelping form the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA moleculesPreventing mutations from occurring during DNA replication
- 5. Multiple ChoiceIn 1952 Rosalind Franklin took the x-ray photograph shown below, which gave the world its first look at DNA. By studying this photograph, scientists gained knowledge about the —role of DNA in protein synthesismutation of nucleotide sequences in DNAsequence of DNA that makes up the human genomedouble-helix structure of DNA
- 6. Multiple ChoiceOrganisms can be classified based on homology, which is shared characteristics inherited from a common ancestor. In the past, homologies were based on studies of anatomical structures and patterns of embryonic development. In more recent years, the use of molecular biology techniques has allowed homologies to be compared at the level of nucleotide sequences. Nucleotide sequence comparisons are possible because all organisms share which of the following?DNA basesCellular organellesDivision of the nuclear chromosomesTypes of proteins needed for cellular functions
- 7. Multiple ChoiceA segment of DNA is represented in the illustration. How is information for a specific protein carried on the DNA molecule?As a sequence of nucleotidesIn the double-helix shape of the condensed chromosomeIn the ratio of adenines to thyminesAs a pattern of phosphates and sugars
- 8. Multiple ChoiceA student builds a model of a DNA strand as shown in the photo. Which of these models of a DNA strand shows bases that are complementary to the ones on the student’s DNA model?CTACCGACGUCGGUAGGTCGGAAGGTCGGTAG
- 9. Multiple ChoiceA photomicrograph of onion root tip cells during mitosis is shown below. Which phase of mitosis is occurring in the cell indicated by the arrow?ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase
- 10. Multiple ChoiceCells typically respond to DNA damage in three ways: by ceasing to grow and divide until the damage is repaired, by permanently ceasing to grow and divide, or by dying. In 2010 a group of scientists reported that a certain kind of immune reaction can cause DNA damage that leads to a fourth response. DNA damage can turn off genes involved in cell-signaling pathways. Turning off these genes can cause less-mature cells to divide too rapidly, often leading to the development of —tumorsallergieshemophiliacardiovascular disease
- 11. Multiple ChoiceA genome-wide association study involves searching the genomes of many people in order to find genetic variations associated with common diseases such as cancer, asthma, and diabetes. These studies are possible because of computer databases that allow researchers to compare the genomes of people who do not have a particular condition with the genomes of people who have the condition. In order to do this type of testing, researchers need blood samples or cheek swabs from people. Obtaining these samples is necessary because blood and cheek cells contain —plasma and plateletsa complete set of DNAessential proteins and amino acidsa large number of neutrophils
- 12. Multiple ChoiceWhen cells leave the cell cycle, they exit during G1 phase and then enter G0 phase, a resting period. Most normal cells can leave G0 phase and reenter the cell cycle at G1 phase before entering S phase. Cancer cells are different because they cannot enter G0 phase and are likely to do which of the following?Fail to complete S phaseMutate during G phaseRepeat the cell cycle continuouslyDie after completing mitosis
- 13. Multiple ChoiceCheckpoints occur between the stages of the cell cycle. If a cell does not meet certain criteria at the end of a stage, it will not move to the next stage. Which of these occurs just before the cell enters the G2 stage of the cell cycle?The nuclear membrane disintegrates.DNA replicatesCentrioles form.The nucleolus divides.
- 14. Multiple ChoiceTelophase is a stage of a cellular process that begins after the chromosomes have moved to opposite poles of the cell. During which cellular process does telophase occur?TranslationInterphaseTranscriptionMitosis
- 15. Multiple ChoiceThe model represents the change in the DNA content of a cell during the cell cycle. Which part of the model represents the S phase?IIIIIIIV
- 16. Multiple ChoiceScientists can bioengineer skin in a laboratory to treat severe burns and other types of skin injuries. This bioengineered tissue is grown from living cells. The cellular process that enables the cells to grow and develop into tissue is —conjugationmeiosisbuddingmitosis
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