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- 1. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptDanny’s skill at hitting a baseball gradually improves as his attempts produce more frequent & longer-distance hits. This is an example of:ShapingStimulus generalizationExtinctionStimulus discrimination
- 2. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptMicah really enjoyed his mom’s homemade apple pie, and he would have a huge slice every time she baked it. When he went to visit a friend, he tried a piece of apple pie that his friend’s mom had made. Unfortunately, it was terrible. Now Micah will only eat his mom’s apple pie; if anyone else offers him a piece of pie he politely turns them down. Micah’s behavior toward apple pie illustrates the concept of:Stimulus discriminationStimulus generalizationNoncontingent reinforcementObservational learning
- 3. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptAssuming that the reinforcer is the sound of a rattle, Johnny’s shaking of the rattle is reinforced according to which of the following schedules?Continuous reinforcementFixed-intervalVariable-intervalVariable-ratio
- 4. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptNegative reinforcement _______ the rate of a response; punishment ______ the rate of a response.Increases; decreasesDecreases; increasesDecreases; decreasesIncreases; does not affect
- 5. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptThe behavior that would be most difficult to extinguish would be the one that was:Reinforced every time it occurredShapedReinforced intermittentlyReinforced by your parents
- 6. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptThe newest winning numbers in the state lottery are announced on the local television station every Saturday night, at the end of the news hour. People who are watching for the lottery numbers will have their “watching” reinforced on:A fixed-ratio scheduleA variable-ratio scheduleA fixed-variable scheduleA fixed-interval schedule
- 7. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptWhen Skyler was first training his dog, Smooches, to heel he would give Smooches a treat when she stayed close during walks. Now Smooches stays right by Skyler’s side, even when she is not on her leash. In this case:The dog treats were negative reinforcers for staying closeStaying close was a positive reinforcer for receiving dog treatsStaying close was a negative reinforcer for receiving dog treatsThe dog treats were positive reinforcers for staying close
- 8. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptAny event that follows a behavior and results in the behavior having a lower probability of happening in the future is known as a:Negative reinforcerPositive reinforcerPunisherVicarious conditioner
- 9. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptLearning that takes place by watching another person is referred to as:Operant conditioningNoncontingent learningObservational learningClassical conditioning
- 10. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 pt______ is to operant conditioning as ______ is to classical conditioning.Skinner; PavlovBandura; PavlovPavlov; SkinnerPavlov; Thorndike
- 11. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptJessica’s mother was upset to find that Jessica had used her crayons to draw flowers on her bedroom wall. Her mother took the crayons away and made Jessica wash the drawings off of the wall. Which of the following best describes Jessica’s punishment?Punishment by applicationPunishment by removalPunishment by both application and removalPunishment by negative reinforcement
- 12. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptWolfgang Kohler determined that his chimpanzee’s two-stick solution to the banana problem was an example of insight learning because it was:IntelligentSudden and rapidThe result of trial-and-errorArrived at after a long period of time
- 13. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptWhich of the following scenarios illustrates a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?Receiving a paycheck every two weeksHolding regular, but unpredictable, fire drillsEarning a prize for every five books read in the library’s summer reading programReceiving five additional vacation days for each year of employment at a company
- 14. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptIn Edward Tolman’s maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after the tenth day of the study solved the maze far more quickly that did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats:Were much smarter than the other ratsHad already learned the maze in the first nine daysHad the opportunity to cheat by watching the other ratsWere very hungry, and therefore, learned much more quickly
- 15. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptThe sentence “blue jeans wear false smiles” has correct __________ but incorrect __________.Morphemes; phonemesPhonemes; morphemesSemantics; syntaxSyntax; semantics
- 16. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptThe representativeness heuristic can produce faulty estimates if:We generalize our views to other, nonrepresentativeness heuristicsThe representativeness algorithm does not match the representativeness heuristicPossible variations in the prototype are consideredWe fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist
- 17. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptDr. Mendoza is studying the mental strategies people use when solving problems. Dr. Mendoza is clearly a(n):Cognitive psychologistExperimental psychologistOrganizational psychologistDevelopmental psychologist
- 18. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptA mental grouping of similar things, events or people is called a(n):PrototypeConceptAlgorithmHeuristic
- 19. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptExperts in a given field prefer heuristics to algorithms because heuristics:Guarantee solutions to problemsPrevent mental setsOften save timePrevent fixation
- 20. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptIf we know that all dogs have tails, and thus poodles must have tails, we are demonstrating ___________ reasoning.DeterminedDeductiveInsightInductive
- 21. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptThe conjunction fallacy is a tendency to:Draw general conclusions based on a few isolated casesOverestimate the odds of a chance event if that event hasn’t occurred recentlyUnderestimate the odds of a chance event if that event hasn’t occurred recentlyBelieve that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone
- 22. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptConfirmation bias refers to the tendency to:Allow preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoningCling to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discreditedSearch randomly through alternative solutions when problem solvingLook for information that is consistent with one’s beliefs
- 23. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptA common problem in everyday reasoning is our tendency to:Accept as logical those conclusions that agree with our own opinionsAccept as logical those conclusions that disagree with our own opinionsUnderestimate the accuracy of our knowledgeAccept as logical those conclusions that involve unfamiliar concepts
- 24. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptMental sets and functional fixedness are types of:AlgorithmsHeuristicsFixationInsight
- 25. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptA strategy in which the likelihood of an event is estimated on the basis of how easily other instances of the event are available in memory is called the:Availability heuristicAvailability algorithmRepresentativeness heuristicRepresentativeness algorithm
- 26. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptThe order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is later used is:Encoding – retrieval – storageEncoding – storage – retrievalStorage – retrieval – acquisitionAcquisition – encoding – retrieval
- 27. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptJorge listens attentively to the State of the Union Address and translates the information into new memories. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Jorge is able to form new memories as information is encountered for the first time is:EncodingStorageRetrievalPriming
- 28. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptShayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is:EncodingRetrievalStorageChunking
- 29. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptKiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: “dog, pail and hate.” Later, she recalled these words as: “dig, paint, and hard.” Kiana’s error in recall suggests that she had encoded the original word list:PhonemicallyStructurallySemanticallyImplicitly
- 30. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptA memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called:A structural codeA phonemic codeA semantic codeA morphemic code
- 31. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptXavier was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: “dog, pail and hate.” Later, he recalled these words as: “log, whale and late.” Xavier’s error in recall suggests that he had encoded the original word list:PhonemicallyStructurallySemanticallyRetroactively
- 32. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptWhich of the following is an example of implicit memory?Knowing how to ride a bicycleMultiplying 2 times 4Knowing the name of an acquaintanceThinking back on the first day of school
- 33. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptWhich type of memory can a person use to keep the flow of conversation going by allowing the person to remember what was just said?Iconic memoryEchoic memoryProcedural memoryNetwork memory
- 34. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptElaboration involves:The creation of visual images to represent wordsDecreasing the complexity of the material to be rememberedForming two kinds of memory code for each wordLinking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
- 35. Multiple-choice30 seconds1 ptKarina is given a list of words to memorize so she forms a mental image for each word on the list. Calvin is given the same list of words, however, he thinks of words that rhyme with each of the words on the list. Based on the research that has focused on the process of encoding, you should expect that on a test of memory:Both Karina and Calvin will recall the same number of wordsKarina will recall more words than CalvinCalvin will recall more words than KarinaKarina is more likely to make “look-alike” errors in recall
