Growing challenges by dissenters to civil authorities

Efforts to raise the level of education for young girls and women

Growing disagreement over the expansion of legal rights in the colonial charter

Efforts by colonial women to establish independent communities separate from men

violated Puritan laws regarding marriage

advocated the inclusion of American Indians in Puritan congregations

was a Quaker who sought converts

advocated giving women full inheritance

challenged the religious beliefs of the colony’s leaders

British settlers

French fur traders

The king of France

Religious missionaries

To establish commerce between his people and the English

To form an alliance between his people and the French

To seek his people’s freedom from French oppression

To protect his people’s land from English colonizers

Relations with American Indians and restrictions on the fur trade

An increase in taxes to subsidize the slave trade and support internal improvements

The assignment of Anglican ministers to new settlements

Currency disputes resulting from English demands that settlers end the use of barter

The drafting of settlers into the English army

Governor William Berkeley abolished Virginia’s House of Burgesses.

Virginia passed new laws protecting workers’ rights.

Tensions between backcountry farmers and the tidewater gentry were exposed.

Indentured servants received additional free land after fulfilling their terms of service.

The king allowed Virginia colonists to select their own governor.

disdain for British constitutional monarchy

many religious denominations

a society without a hereditary aristocracy

a growing number of non-English settlers

acceptance of slavery as a labor system

secure a refuge for the persecuted

check the growth of English colonies in North America

expand their commercial and mercantile network

gain colonies to produce agricultural surpluses

secure naval supplies

climate and geographic conditions for cash crop agriculture

the degree of participation in the Atlantic economy

colonial relationships with American Indians

structures of British imperial control

Frequent conversion to evangelical Christianity

Widespread opportunities for literacy

Extensive apprenticeships in skilled trades

Relative autonomy to preserve and adapt African traditions